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<h1 id="NAME">NAME</h1>

<p>BusyBox - The Swiss Army Knife of Embedded Linux</p>

<h1 id="SYNTAX">SYNTAX</h1>

<pre><code> busybox &lt;applet&gt; [arguments...]  # or

 &lt;applet&gt; [arguments...]          # if symlinked</code></pre>

<h1 id="DESCRIPTION">DESCRIPTION</h1>

<p>BusyBox combines tiny versions of many common UNIX utilities into a single small executable. It provides minimalist replacements for most of the utilities you usually find in GNU coreutils, util-linux, etc. The utilities in BusyBox generally have fewer options than their full-featured GNU cousins; however, the options that are included provide the expected functionality and behave very much like their GNU counterparts.</p>

<p>BusyBox has been written with size-optimization and limited resources in mind. It is also extremely modular so you can easily include or exclude commands (or features) at compile time. This makes it easy to customize your embedded systems. To create a working system, just add /dev, /etc, and a Linux kernel. BusyBox provides a fairly complete POSIX environment for any small or embedded system.</p>

<p>BusyBox is extremely configurable. This allows you to include only the components you need, thereby reducing binary size. Run &#39;make config&#39; or &#39;make menuconfig&#39; to select the functionality that you wish to enable. Then run &#39;make&#39; to compile BusyBox using your configuration.</p>

<p>After the compile has finished, you should use &#39;make install&#39; to install BusyBox. This will install the &#39;bin/busybox&#39; binary, in the target directory specified by CONFIG_PREFIX. CONFIG_PREFIX can be set when configuring BusyBox, or you can specify an alternative location at install time (i.e., with a command line like &#39;make CONFIG_PREFIX=/tmp/foo install&#39;). If you enabled any applet installation scheme (either as symlinks or hardlinks), these will also be installed in the location pointed to by CONFIG_PREFIX.</p>

<h1 id="USAGE">USAGE</h1>

<p>BusyBox is a multi-call binary. A multi-call binary is an executable program that performs the same job as more than one utility program. That means there is just a single BusyBox binary, but that single binary acts like a large number of utilities. This allows BusyBox to be smaller since all the built-in utility programs (we call them applets) can share code for many common operations.</p>

<p>You can also invoke BusyBox by issuing a command as an argument on the command line. For example, entering</p>

<pre><code>        /bin/busybox ls</code></pre>

<p>will also cause BusyBox to behave as &#39;ls&#39;.</p>

<p>Of course, adding &#39;/bin/busybox&#39; into every command would be painful. So most people will invoke BusyBox using links to the BusyBox binary.</p>

<p>For example, entering</p>

<pre><code>        ln -s /bin/busybox ls
        ./ls</code></pre>

<p>will cause BusyBox to behave as &#39;ls&#39; (if the &#39;ls&#39; command has been compiled into BusyBox). Generally speaking, you should never need to make all these links yourself, as the BusyBox build system will do this for you when you run the &#39;make install&#39; command.</p>

<p>If you invoke BusyBox with no arguments, it will provide you with a list of the applets that have been compiled into your BusyBox binary.</p>

<h1 id="COMMON-OPTIONS">COMMON OPTIONS</h1>

<p>Most BusyBox applets support the <b>--help</b> argument to provide a terse runtime description of their behavior. If the CONFIG_FEATURE_VERBOSE_USAGE option has been enabled, more detailed usage information will also be available.</p>

<h1 id="COMMANDS">COMMANDS</h1>

<p>Currently available applets include:</p>

<pre><code>        [, [[, arp, ash, awk, base64, basename, bbconfig, beep, blkid,
        blockdev, bunzip2, bzcat, bzip2, cal, cat, catv, chat, chattr,
        chgrp, chmod, chown, chpst, chroot, chrt, chvt, cksum, clear, cmp,
        comm, cp, cpio, crond, crontab, cut, date, dc, dd, depmod, devmem,
        df, diff, dirname, dmesg, dnsd, dos2unix, dpkg, dpkg-deb, du, echo,
        ed, egrep, env, envdir, envuidgid, expand, expr, fakeidentd, false,
        fatattr, fbset, fbsplash, fdflush, fdformat, fdisk, fgrep, find,
        findfs, flash_lock, flash_unlock, flashcp, flock, fold, free,
        freeramdisk, fsck, fsck.minix, fstrim, fsync, ftpd, ftpget, ftpput,
        fuser, getopt, grep, gunzip, gzip, hd, hdparm, head, hexdump, httpd,
        hwclock, id, ifconfig, ifdown, ifup, inotifyd, insmod, install,
        iostat, ip, ipaddr, ipcalc, iplink, iproute, iprule, iptunnel, kill,
        killall, killall5, klogd, less, ln, losetup, lpd, lpq, lpr, ls,
        lsattr, lsmod, lsof, lspci, lsusb, lzcat, lzma, lzop, lzopcat,
        makedevs, man, md5sum, mkdir, mkdosfs, mke2fs, mkfifo, mkfs.ext2,
        mkfs.minix, mkfs.vfat, mknod, mkswap, mktemp, modinfo, modprobe,
        more, mount, mountpoint, mpstat, mv, nanddump, nbd-client, nc,
        netstat, nice, nmeter, nohup, od, patch, pgrep, pidof, ping,
        pipe_progress, pkill, pmap, powertop, printenv, printf, ps, pscan,
        pstree, pwd, pwdx, raidautorun, rdev, readlink, readprofile,
        realpath, renice, reset, resize, rev, rm, rmdir, rmmod, route, rpm,
        rpm2cpio, rtcwake, run-parts, runsv, runsvdir, rx, script,
        scriptreplay, sed, seq, setserial, setsid, setuidgid, sha1sum,
        sha256sum, sha3sum, sha512sum, shuf, sleep, smemcap, softlimit,
        sort, split, start-stop-daemon, stat, strings, stty, sum, sv,
        svlogd, swapoff, swapon, switch_root, sync, sysctl, tac, tail, tar,
        tcpsvd, tee, telnet, telnetd, test, tftp, tftpd, time, timeout, top,
        touch, tr, traceroute, true, tty, ttysize, tunctl, tune2fs, udpsvd,
        umount, uname, uncompress, unexpand, uniq, unix2dos, unlink, unlzma,
        unlzop, unxz, unzip, uptime, usleep, uudecode, uuencode, vconfig,
        vi, volname, watch, wc, wget, which, whoami, whois, xargs, xz,
        xzcat, yes, zcat</code></pre>

<h1 id="COMMAND-DESCRIPTIONS">COMMAND DESCRIPTIONS</h1>

<dl>

<dt id="arp"><b>arp</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>arp [-vn] [-H HWTYPE] [-i IF] -a [HOSTNAME] [-v] [-i IF] -d HOSTNAME [pub] [-v] [-H HWTYPE] [-i IF] -s HOSTNAME HWADDR [temp] [-v] [-H HWTYPE] [-i IF] -s HOSTNAME HWADDR [netmask MASK] pub [-v] [-H HWTYPE] [-i IF] -Ds HOSTNAME IFACE [netmask MASK] pub</p>

<p>Manipulate ARP cache</p>

<pre><code>        -a              Display (all) hosts
        -d              Delete ARP entry
        -s              Set new entry
        -v              &#x8BE6;&#x7EC6;
        -n              Don&#39;t resolve names
        -i IF           Network interface
        -D              Read HWADDR from IFACE
        -A,-p AF        Protocol family
        -H HWTYPE       Hardware address type</code></pre>

</dd>
<dt id="ash"><b>ash</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>ash [-/+OPTIONS] [-/+o OPT]... [-c &#39;SCRIPT&#39; [ARG0 [ARGS]] / &#x6587;&#x4EF6; [ARGS]]</p>

<p>Unix shell interpreter</p>

</dd>
<dt id="awk"><b>awk</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>awk [OPTIONS] [AWK_PROGRAM] [&#x6587;&#x4EF6;]...</p>

<pre><code>        -v VAR=VAL      Set variable
        -F SEP          Use SEP as field separator
        -f &#x6587;&#x4EF6;           Read program from &#x6587;&#x4EF6;
        -e AWK_PROGRAM</code></pre>

</dd>
<dt id="base64"><b>base64</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>base64 [-d] [&#x6587;&#x4EF6;]</p>

<p>Base64 encode or decode &#x6587;&#x4EF6; to standard output -d Decode data</p>

</dd>
<dt id="basename"><b>basename</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>basename &#x6587;&#x4EF6; [&#x540E;&#x7F00;]</p>

<p>&#x5C06;&#x6587;&#x4EF6;&#x4E2D;&#x7684;&#x8DEF;&#x5F84;&#x548C;&#x540E;&#x7F00;&#x5254;&#x9664;</p>

</dd>
<dt id="bbconfig"><b>bbconfig</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>bbconfig</p>

<p>Print the config file used by busybox build</p>

</dd>
<dt id="beep"><b>beep</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>beep -f FREQ -l LEN -d DELAY -r COUNT -n</p>

<pre><code>        -f      Frequency in Hz
        -l      Length in ms
        -d      Delay in ms
        -r      Repetitions
        -n      Start new tone</code></pre>

</dd>
<dt id="blkid"><b>blkid</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>blkid [BLOCKDEV]...</p>

<p>Print UUIDs of all filesystems</p>

</dd>
<dt id="blockdev"><b>blockdev</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>blockdev OPTION BLOCKDEV</p>

<pre><code>        --setro         Set ro
        --setrw         Set rw
        --getro         Get ro
        --getss         Get sector size
        --getbsz        Get block size
        --setbsz BYTES  Set block size
        --getsz         Get device size in 512-byte sectors
        --getsize64     Get device size in bytes
        --flushbufs     Flush buffers
        --rereadpt      Reread partition table</code></pre>

</dd>
<dt id="bunzip2"><b>bunzip2</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>bunzip2 [-cf] [&#x6587;&#x4EF6;]...</p>

<p>&#x89E3;&#x538B; FILEs (or stdin)</p>

<pre><code>        -c      &#x5199;&#x5230;&#x5230;&#x6807;&#x51C6;&#x8F93;&#x51FA;
        -f      &#x5F3A;&#x884C;</code></pre>

</dd>
<dt id="bzcat"><b>bzcat</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>bzcat [&#x6587;&#x4EF6;]...</p>

<p>&#x89E3;&#x538B;&#x5230;&#x6807;&#x51C6;&#x8F93;&#x51FA;</p>

</dd>
<dt id="bzip2"><b>bzip2</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>bzip2 [OPTIONS] [&#x6587;&#x4EF6;]...</p>

<p>Compress FILEs (or stdin) with bzip2 algorithm</p>

<pre><code>        -1..9   &#x538B;&#x7F29;&#x7B49;&#x7EA7;
        -d      &#x89E3;&#x538B;
        -c      &#x5199;&#x5230;&#x5230;&#x6807;&#x51C6;&#x8F93;&#x51FA;
        -f      &#x5F3A;&#x884C;</code></pre>

</dd>
<dt id="cal"><b>cal</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>cal [-jy] [[MONTH] YEAR]</p>

<p>&#x6253;&#x5370;&#x4E00;&#x4EFD;&#x65E5;&#x5386;</p>

<pre><code>        -j      &#x4F7F;&#x7528;&#x6731;&#x5229;&#x5B89;&#x65E5;&#x671F;
        -y      &#x663E;&#x793A;&#x5168;&#x5E74;&#x7684;&#x65E5;&#x5386;</code></pre>

</dd>
<dt id="cat"><b>cat</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>cat [&#x6587;&#x4EF6;]...</p>

<p>&#x5408;&#x5E76;&#x6587;&#x4EF6;&#x548C;&#x6253;&#x5370;&#x6587;&#x4EF6;&#x5185;&#x5BB9;&#x5230;&#x6807;&#x51C6;&#x8F93;&#x51FA;</p>

</dd>
<dt id="catv"><b>catv</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>catv [-etv] [&#x6587;&#x4EF6;]...</p>

<p>Display nonprinting characters as ^x or M-x</p>

<pre><code>        -e      &#x6BCF;&#x884C;&#x4F7F;&#x7528; $ &#x7ED3;&#x5C3E;
        -t      &#x5C06; ^I &#x663E;&#x793A;&#x4E3A; Tab
        -v      &#x4E0D;&#x4F7F;&#x7528; ^x &#x6216; M-x &#x9000;&#x683C;</code></pre>

</dd>
<dt id="chat"><b>chat</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>chat EXPECT [SEND [EXPECT [SEND...]]]</p>

<p>Useful for interacting with a modem connected to stdin/stdout. A script consists of one or more &quot;expect-send&quot; pairs of strings, each pair is a pair of arguments. Example: chat &#39;&#39; ATZ OK ATD123456 CONNECT &#39;&#39; ogin: pppuser word: ppppass &#39;~&#39;</p>

</dd>
<dt id="chattr"><b>chattr</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>chattr [-R] [-+=AacDdijsStTu] [-v VERSION] [&#x6587;&#x4EF6;]...</p>

<p>Change file attributes on an ext2 fs</p>

<p>Modifiers:</p>

<pre><code>        -       Remove attributes
        +       Add attributes
        =       Set attributes
Attributes:

        A       Don&#39;t track atime
        a       Append mode only
        c       Enable compress
        D       Write dir contents synchronously
        d       Don&#39;t backup with dump
        i       Cannot be modified (immutable)
        j       Write all data to journal first
        s       Zero disk storage when deleted
        S       Write file contents synchronously
        t       Disable tail-merging of partial blocks with other files
        u       Allow file to be undeleted
        -R      Recurse
        -v      Set the file&#39;s version/generation number</code></pre>

</dd>
<dt id="chgrp"><b>chgrp</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>chgrp [-RhLHPcvf]... GROUP &#x6587;&#x4EF6;...</p>

<p>Change the group membership of each &#x6587;&#x4EF6; to GROUP</p>

<pre><code>        -R      &#x9012;&#x5F52;
        -h      &#x540C;&#x65F6;&#x64CD;&#x4F5C;&#x94FE;&#x63A5;&#x6587;&#x4EF6;&#x7684;&#x76EE;&#x6807;
        -L      &#x66F4;&#x6539;&#x6240;&#x6709;&#x76EE;&#x5F55;&#x7684;&#x94FE;&#x63A5;
        -H      &#x53EA;&#x5728;&#x547D;&#x4EE4;&#x884C;&#x64CD;&#x4F5C;&#x4E2D;&#x64CD;&#x4F5C;&#x94FE;&#x63A5;
        -P      &#x4E0D;&#x64CD;&#x4F5C;&#x94FE;&#x63A5;&#x6587;&#x4EF6;(&#x9ED8;&#x8BA4;)
        -c      &#x5217;&#x51FA; changed files
        -v      &#x8BE6;&#x7EC6;
        -f      &#x4E0D;&#x663E;&#x793A;&#x9519;&#x8BEF;</code></pre>

</dd>
<dt id="chmod"><b>chmod</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>chmod [-Rcvf] MODE[,MODE]... &#x6587;&#x4EF6;...</p>

<p>&#x6BCF;&#x79CD; MODE &#x90FD;&#x5E94;&#x5C5E;&#x4E8E;&#x8FD9;&#x7C7B;&#x5F62;&#x5F0F; [ugoa]*([-+=]([rwxXst]*|[ugo]))+</p>

<pre><code>        -R      &#x9012;&#x5F52;
        -c      &#x5217;&#x51FA;&#x66F4;&#x6539;&#x7684;&#x6587;&#x4EF6;
        -v      &#x5217;&#x51FA;&#x6240;&#x6709;&#x6587;&#x4EF6;
        -f      &#x4E0D;&#x663E;&#x793A;&#x9519;&#x8BEF;</code></pre>

</dd>
<dt id="chown"><b>chown</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>chown [-RhLHPcvf]... OWNER[&lt;.|:&gt;[GROUP]] &#x6587;&#x4EF6;...</p>

<p>&#x66F4;&#x6539;&#x6BCF;&#x4E2A;&#x6587;&#x4EF6;&#x7684;&#x6240;&#x6709;&#x8005;&#x548C;/&#x6216;&#x6240;&#x5C5E;&#x7EC4;</p>

<pre><code>        -R      &#x9012;&#x5F52;
        -h      &#x540C;&#x65F6;&#x64CD;&#x4F5C;&#x94FE;&#x63A5;&#x6587;&#x4EF6;&#x7684;&#x76EE;&#x6807;
        -L      &#x66F4;&#x6539;&#x6240;&#x6709;&#x76EE;&#x5F55;&#x7684;&#x94FE;&#x63A5;
        -H      &#x53EA;&#x5728;&#x547D;&#x4EE4;&#x884C;&#x64CD;&#x4F5C;&#x4E2D;&#x64CD;&#x4F5C;&#x94FE;&#x63A5;
        -P      &#x4E0D;&#x64CD;&#x4F5C;&#x94FE;&#x63A5;&#x6587;&#x4EF6;(&#x9ED8;&#x8BA4;)
        -c      &#x5217;&#x51FA;&#x66F4;&#x6539;&#x7684;&#x6587;&#x4EF6;
        -v      &#x5217;&#x51FA;&#x6240;&#x6709;&#x6587;&#x4EF6;
        -f      &#x4E0D;&#x663E;&#x793A;&#x9519;&#x8BEF;</code></pre>

</dd>
<dt id="chpst"><b>chpst</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>chpst [-vP012] [-u USER[:GRP]] [-U USER[:GRP]] [-e &#x76EE;&#x5F55;] [-/ &#x76EE;&#x5F55;] [-n NICE] [-m BYTES] [-d BYTES] [-o N] [-p N] [-f BYTES] [-c BYTES] PROG ARGS</p>

<p>Change the process state, run PROG</p>

<pre><code>        -u USER[:GRP]   Set uid and gid
        -U USER[:GRP]   Set $UID and $GID in environment
        -e &#x76EE;&#x5F55;           Set environment variables as specified by files
                        in &#x76EE;&#x5F55;: file=1st_line_of_file
        -/ &#x76EE;&#x5F55;           Chroot to &#x76EE;&#x5F55;
        -n NICE         Add NICE to nice value
        -m BYTES        Same as -d BYTES -s BYTES -l BYTES
        -d BYTES        Limit data segment
        -o N            Limit number of open files per process
        -p N            Limit number of processes per uid
        -f BYTES        Limit output file sizes
        -c BYTES        Limit core file size
        -v              &#x8BE6;&#x7EC6;
        -P              Create new process group
        -0              Close stdin
        -1              Close stdout
        -2              Close stderr</code></pre>

</dd>
<dt id="chroot"><b>chroot</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>chroot &#x65B0;&#x7684;&#x6839;&#x76EE;&#x5F55; [&#x7A0B;&#x5E8F; &#x53C2;&#x6570;]</p>

<p>&#x5728;&#x65B0;&#x7684;&#x6839;&#x76EE;&#x5F55;&#x4E2D;&#x8FD0;&#x884C;&#x7A0B;&#x5E8F;</p>

</dd>
<dt id="chrt"><b>chrt</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>chrt [-prfom] [PRIO] [PID | PROG ARGS]</p>

<p>Change scheduling priority and class for a process</p>

<pre><code>        -p      Operate on PID
        -r      Set SCHED_RR class
        -f      Set SCHED_FIFO class
        -o      Set SCHED_OTHER class
        -m      Show min/max priorities</code></pre>

</dd>
<dt id="chvt"><b>chvt</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>chvt N</p>

<p>&#x6539;&#x53D8;&#x524D;&#x666F;&#x7684;&#x865A;&#x62DF;&#x7EC8;&#x7AEF; /dev/ttyN</p>

</dd>
<dt id="cksum"><b>cksum</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>cksum &#x6587;&#x4EF6;...</p>

<p>&#x8F93;&#x51FA;&#x6BCF;&#x4E2A;&#x6587;&#x4EF6;&#x7684; CRC &#x6821;&#x9A8C;&#x503C;&#x548C;&#x5B57;&#x8282;&#x7EDF;&#x8BA1;</p>

</dd>
<dt id="clear"><b>clear</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>clear</p>

<p>&#x6E05;&#x7A7A;&#x5C4F;&#x5E55;&#x4E0A;&#x7684;&#x8F93;&#x51FA;</p>

</dd>
<dt id="cmp"><b>cmp</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>cmp [-l] [-s] FILE1 [FILE2 [SKIP1 [SKIP2]]]</p>

<p>Compare FILE1 with FILE2 (or stdin)</p>

<pre><code>        -l      Write the byte numbers (decimal) and values (octal)
                for all differing bytes
        -s      Quiet</code></pre>

</dd>
<dt id="comm"><b>comm</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>comm [-123] FILE1 FILE2</p>

<p>&#x5BF9;&#x6BD4; FILE1 &#x548C; FILE2</p>

<pre><code>        -1      Suppress lines unique to FILE1
        -2      Suppress lines unique to FILE2
        -3      Suppress lines common to both files</code></pre>

</dd>
<dt id="cp"><b>cp</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>cp [OPTIONS] SOURCE... DEST</p>

<p>Copy SOURCE(s) to DEST</p>

<pre><code>        -a      &#x7B49;&#x540C;&#x4E8E; -dpR
        -R,-r   &#x9012;&#x5F52;
        -d,-P   &#x4FDD;&#x5B58;&#x7B26;&#x53F7;&#x94FE;&#x63A5; (&#x5982;&#x679C;&#x9ED8;&#x8BA4; -R)
        -L      &#x9075;&#x5FAA;&#x7B26;&#x53F7;&#x94FE;&#x63A5;
        -H      &#x5728;&#x547D;&#x4EE4;&#x884C;&#x9075;&#x5FAA;&#x7B26;&#x53F7;&#x94FE;&#x63A5;
        -p      &#x5982;&#x679C;&#x53EF;&#x80FD;,&#x4FDD;&#x5B58;&#x6587;&#x4EF6;&#x5C5E;&#x6027;
        -f      &#x8986;&#x76D6;
        -i      &#x8986;&#x76D6;&#x524D;&#x8BE2;&#x95EE;
        -l,-s   &#x521B;&#x5EFA; (&#x7B26;&#x53F7;)&#x94FE;&#x63A5;</code></pre>

</dd>
<dt id="cpio"><b>cpio</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>cpio [-dmvu] [-F &#x6587;&#x4EF6;] [-H newc] [-tio] [-p &#x76EE;&#x5F55;] [EXTR_FILE]...</p>

<p>&#x89E3;&#x538B;&#x6216;&#x5217;&#x51FA; files from a cpio archive, or create an archive (-o) or copy files (-p) using file list on stdin</p>

<p>Main operation mode:</p>

<pre><code>        -t      &#x5217;&#x51FA;
        -i      &#x89E3;&#x538B; EXTR_FILEs (or all)
        -o      &#x521B;&#x5EFA; (&#x9700;&#x8981; -H newc)
        -p &#x76EE;&#x5F55;   Copy files to &#x76EE;&#x5F55;
        -d      &#x9700;&#x8981;&#x65F6;&#x521B;&#x5EFA;&#x76EE;&#x5F55;
        -m      &#x4FDD;&#x7559;&#x539F;&#x59CB;&#x65F6;&#x95F4;
        -v      &#x8BE6;&#x7EC6;
        -u      &#x8986;&#x76D6;
        -F &#x6587;&#x4EF6;   Input (-t,-i,-p) or output (-o) file
        -H newc Archive format</code></pre>

</dd>
<dt id="crond"><b>crond</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>crond -fbS -l N -d N -L LOGFILE -c &#x76EE;&#x5F55;</p>

<pre><code>        -f      Foreground
        -b      Background (default)
        -S      Log to syslog (default)
        -l      Set log level. 0 is the most verbose, default 8
        -d      Set log level, log to stderr
        -L      Log to file
        -c      Working dir</code></pre>

</dd>
<dt id="crontab"><b>crontab</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>crontab [-c &#x76EE;&#x5F55;] [-u USER] [-ler]|[&#x6587;&#x4EF6;]</p>

<pre><code>        -c      Crontab directory
        -u      User
        -l      &#x5217;&#x51FA; crontab
        -e      Edit crontab
        -r      Delete crontab
        &#x6587;&#x4EF6;      Replace crontab by &#x6587;&#x4EF6; (&#39;-&#39;: stdin)</code></pre>

</dd>
<dt id="cut"><b>cut</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>cut [OPTIONS] [&#x6587;&#x4EF6;]...</p>

<p>&#x4ECE;&#x6BCF;&#x4E2A;&#x6587;&#x4EF6;&#x4E2D;&#x8F93;&#x51FA;&#x6307;&#x5B9A;&#x90E8;&#x5206;&#x5230;&#x6807;&#x51C6;&#x8F93;&#x51FA;</p>

<pre><code>        -b LIST &#x53EA;&#x9009;&#x4E2D;&#x6307;&#x5B9A;&#x7684;&#x8FD9;&#x4E9B;&#x5B57;&#x8282;
        -c LIST &#x53EA;&#x9009;&#x4E2D;&#x6307;&#x5B9A;&#x7684;&#x8FD9;&#x4E9B;&#x5B57;&#x7B26;
        -d CHAR &#x4F7F;&#x7528;&#x6307;&#x5B9A;&#x5206;&#x754C;&#x7B26;&#x4EE3;&#x66FF;&#x5236;&#x8868;&#x7B26;&#x4F5C;&#x4E3A;&#x533A;&#x57DF;&#x5206;&#x754C;
        -s      &#x4E0D;&#x6253;&#x5370;&#x6CA1;&#x6709;&#x5305;&#x542B;&#x5206;&#x754C;&#x7B26;&#x7684;&#x884C;
        -f N    &#x53EA;&#x9009;&#x4E2D;&#x6307;&#x5B9A;&#x7684;&#x8FD9;&#x4E9B;&#x57DF;
        -n      &#x5FFD;&#x7565;</code></pre>

</dd>
<dt id="date"><b>date</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>date [OPTIONS] [+FMT] [TIME]</p>

<p>&#x4EE5;&#x7ED9;&#x5B9A;&#x7684;&#x683C;&#x5F0F;&#x663E;&#x793A;&#x5F53;&#x524D;&#x65F6;&#x95F4;&#xFF0C;&#x6216;&#x662F;&#x8BBE;&#x7F6E;&#x7CFB;&#x7EDF;&#x65E5;&#x671F;</p>

<pre><code>        [-s,--set] TIME &#x8BBE;&#x7F6E;&#x6307;&#x5B9A;&#x5B57;&#x7B26;&#x4E32;&#x6765;&#x5206;&#x5F00;&#x65F6;&#x95F4;
        -u,--utc        &#x8F93;&#x51FA;&#x6216;&#x8005;&#x8BBE;&#x7F6E;&#x534F;&#x8C03;&#x7684;&#x901A;&#x7528;&#x65F6;&#x95F4;
        -R,--rfc-2822   &#x4EE5;RFC 2822&#x683C;&#x5F0F;&#x8F93;&#x51FA;&#x65E5;&#x671F;&#x548C;&#x65F6;&#x95F4;
        -I[SPEC]        Output ISO-8601 compliant date string
                        SPEC=&#39;date&#39; (default) for date only,
                        &#39;hours&#39;, &#39;minutes&#39;, or &#39;seconds&#39; for date and
                        time to the indicated precision
        -r,--reference &#x6587;&#x4EF6;       &#x663E;&#x793A;&#x6587;&#x4EF6;&#x6307;&#x5B9A;&#x6587;&#x4EF6;&#x7684;&#x6700;&#x540E;&#x4FEE;&#x6539;&#x65F6;&#x95F4;
        -d,--date TIME  &#x663E;&#x793A;&#x6307;&#x5B9A;&#x5B57;&#x7B26;&#x4E32;&#x6240;&#x63CF;&#x8FF0;&#x7684;&#x65F6;&#x95F4;&#xFF0C;&#x800C;&#x975E;&#x5F53;&#x524D;&#x65F6;&#x95F4;
        -D FMT          &#x4F7F;&#x7528; FMT -d &#x7684;&#x65F6;&#x95F4;&#x8F6C;&#x6362;</code></pre>

<p>Recognized TIME formats:</p>

<pre><code>        hh:mm[:ss]
        [YYYY.]MM.DD-hh:mm[:ss]
        YYYY-MM-DD hh:mm[:ss]
        [[[[[YY]YY]MM]DD]hh]mm[.ss]
        &#39;date TIME&#39; form accepts MMDDhhmm[[YY]YY][.ss] instead</code></pre>

</dd>
<dt id="dc"><b>dc</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>dc EXPRESSION...</p>

<p>Tiny RPN calculator. Operations: +, add, -, sub, *, mul, /, div, %, mod, **, exp, and, or, not, xor, p - print top of the stack (without popping), f - print entire stack, o - pop the value and set output radix (must be 10, 16, 8 or 2). Examples: &#39;dc 2 2 add p&#39; -&gt; 4, &#39;dc 8 8 mul 2 2 + / p&#39; -&gt; 16</p>

</dd>
<dt id="dd"><b>dd</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>dd [if=&#x6587;&#x4EF6;] [of=&#x6587;&#x4EF6;] [ibs=N] [obs=N] [bs=N] [count=N] [skip=N] [seek=N] [conv=notrunc|noerror|sync|fsync]</p>

<p>&#x590D;&#x5236;&#x6587;&#x4EF6;&#xFF0C;&#x4F9D;&#x7167;&#x64CD;&#x4F5C;&#x6570;&#x8F6C;&#x6362;&#x5E76;&#x683C;&#x5F0F;&#x5316;</p>

<pre><code>        if=&#x6587;&#x4EF6;           &#x4ECE;&#x6307;&#x5B9A;&#x6587;&#x4EF6;&#x4E2D;&#x8BFB;&#x53D6;
        of=&#x6587;&#x4EF6;           &#x5199;&#x5165;&#x5230;&#x6307;&#x5B9A;&#x6587;&#x4EF6;
        bs=N            &#x4E00;&#x6B21;&#x8BFB;&#x5199;&#x7684;&#x6BD4;&#x7279;&#x6570;
        ibs=N           &#x4E00;&#x6B21;&#x8BFB;&#x53D6;&#x7684;&#x6BD4;&#x7279;&#x6570;
        obs=N           &#x4E00;&#x6B21;&#x5199;&#x5165;&#x6307;&#x5B9A;&#x6BD4;&#x7279;&#x6570;
        count=N         &#x53EA;&#x5C06;&#x6307;&#x5B9A;&#x4E2A;&#x5757;&#x6570;&#x590D;&#x5236;&#x5230;&#x5757;
        skip=N          &#x5728;&#x8F93;&#x5165;&#x5F00;&#x59CB;&#x5904;&#x8DF3;&#x8FC7;&#x6307;&#x5B9A;&#x7684;&#x5757;&#x6570;
        seek=N          &#x5728;&#x8F93;&#x51FA;&#x5F00;&#x59CB;&#x5904;&#x8DF3;&#x8FC7;&#x6307;&#x5B9A;&#x7684;&#x5757;&#x6570;
        conv=notrunc    &#x4E0D;&#x622A;&#x65AD;&#x8F93;&#x51FA;&#x6587;&#x4EF6;
        conv=noerror    &#x8BFB;&#x53D6;&#x6570;&#x636E;&#x53D1;&#x751F;&#x9519;&#x8BEF;&#x540E;&#x4ECD;&#x7136;&#x7EE7;&#x7EED;
        conv=sync       &#x5C06;&#x6BCF;&#x4E2A;&#x8F93;&#x5165;&#x6570;&#x636E;&#x5757;&#x4EE5; NUL &#x5B57;&#x7B26;&#x586B;&#x6EE1;&#x81F3; ibs &#x7684;&#x5927;&#x5C0F;
        conv=fsync      &#x7C7B;&#x4F3C;&#x4E0A;&#x9762;&#xFF0C;&#x4F46;&#x662F;&#x5143;&#x6570;&#x636E;&#x4E5F;&#x4E00;&#x540C;&#x5199;&#x5165;
        conv=swab       &#x4EA4;&#x6362;&#x6BCF;&#x4E00;&#x5BF9;&#x8F93;&#x5165;&#x6570;&#x636E;&#x5B57;&#x8282;</code></pre>

<p>&#x5757;&#x548C;&#x5B57;&#x8282;&#x6570;&#x540E;&#x53EF;&#x80FD;&#x5E26;&#x6709;&#x4EE5;&#x4E0B;&#x7684;&#x4E00;&#x4E2A;&#x6216;&#x591A;&#x4E2A;&#x540E;&#x7F00;: c =1, w =2, b =512, kB =1000, K =1024, MB =1000*1000, M =1024*1024, xM =M GB =1000*1000*1000, G =1024*1024*1024, and so on for T, P, E, Z, Y.</p>

</dd>
<dt id="devmem"><b>devmem</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>devmem ADDRESS [WIDTH [VALUE]]</p>

<p>Read/write from physical address</p>

<pre><code>        ADDRESS Address to act upon
        WIDTH   Width (8/16/...)
        VALUE   Data to be written</code></pre>

</dd>
<dt id="df"><b>df</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>df [-Pkmhai] [-B &#x5927;&#x5C0F;] [FILESYSTEM]...</p>

<p>Print filesystem usage statistics</p>

<pre><code>        -P      &#x4F7F;&#x7528; POSIX &#x517C;&#x5BB9;&#x7684;&#x8F93;&#x51FA;&#x683C;&#x5F0F;
        -k      1024 &#x5B57;&#x8282;&#x5757; (&#x9ED8;&#x8BA4;)
        -m      1M &#x5B57;&#x8282;&#x5757;
        -h      &#x4EBA;&#x6027;&#x5316;&#x7684;&#x4FE1;&#x606F; (e.g. 1K 243M 2G)
        -a      &#x663E;&#x793A;&#x6240;&#x6709;&#x6587;&#x4EF6;&#x7CFB;&#x7EDF;
        -i      Inodes
        -B &#x5927;&#x5C0F;   &#x5FEB;&#x5927;&#x5C0F;</code></pre>

</dd>
<dt id="diff"><b>diff</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>diff [-abBdiNqrTstw] [-L LABEL] [-S &#x6587;&#x4EF6;] [-U LINES] FILE1 FILE2</p>

<p>Compare files line by line and output the differences between them. This implementation supports unified diffs only.</p>

<pre><code>        -a      Treat all files as text
        -b      Ignore changes in the amount of whitespace
        -B      Ignore changes whose lines are all blank
        -d      Try hard to find a smaller set of changes
        -i      Ignore case differences
        -L      Use LABEL instead of the filename in the unified header
        -N      Treat absent files as empty
        -q      Output only whether files differ
        -r      Recurse
        -S      Start with &#x6587;&#x4EF6; when comparing directories
        -T      Make tabs line up by prefixing a tab when necessary
        -s      Report when two files are the same
        -t      Expand tabs to spaces in output
        -U      Output LINES lines of context
        -w      Ignore all whitespace</code></pre>

</dd>
<dt id="dirname"><b>dirname</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>dirname FILENAME</p>

<p>&#x8F93;&#x51FA;&#x5DF2;&#x7ECF;&#x53BB;&#x9664;&#x4E86;&#x5C3E;&#x90E8;&#x7684; / &#x5B57;&#x7B26;&#x90E8;&#x5206;&#x7684;&#x540D;&#x79F0;</p>

</dd>
<dt id="dmesg"><b>dmesg</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>dmesg [-c] [-n &#x7B49;&#x7EA7;] [-s &#x5927;&#x5C0F;]</p>

<p>Print or control the kernel ring buffer</p>

<pre><code>        -c              Clear ring buffer after printing
        -n &#x7B49;&#x7EA7;   Set console logging level
        -s &#x5927;&#x5C0F;           Buffer size</code></pre>

</dd>
<dt id="dnsd"><b>dnsd</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>dnsd [-dvs] [-c CONFFILE] [-t TTL_SEC] [-p PORT] [-i ADDR]</p>

<p>Small static DNS server daemon</p>

<pre><code>        -c &#x6587;&#x4EF6;   Config file
        -t SEC  TTL
        -p PORT &#x5217;&#x51FA;en on PORT
        -i ADDR &#x5217;&#x51FA;en on ADDR
        -d      Daemonize
        -v      &#x8BE6;&#x7EC6;
        -s      Send successful replies only. Use this if you want
                to use /etc/resolv.conf with two nameserver lines:
                        nameserver DNSD_SERVER
                        nameserver NORMAL_DNS_SERVER</code></pre>

</dd>
<dt id="dos2unix"><b>dos2unix</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>dos2unix [-ud] [&#x6587;&#x4EF6;]</p>

<p>&#x5C06;&#x6587;&#x4EF6;&#x6362;&#x884C;&#x7B26;&#x4ECE; Dos &#x8F6C;&#x6362;&#x6210; Unix &#x683C;&#x5F0F;. &#x5982;&#x679C;&#x4E0D;&#x6307;&#x5B9A;&#x6587;&#x4EF6;, &#x9ED8;&#x8BA4;&#x4F7F;&#x7528;&#x6807;&#x51C6;&#x8F93;&#x5165;/&#x8F93;&#x51FA;</p>

<pre><code>        -u      Dos &#x8F6C; Unix
        -d      Unix &#x8F6C; Dos</code></pre>

</dd>
<dt id="dpkg"><b>dpkg</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>dpkg [-ilCPru] [-F OPT] PACKAGE</p>

<p>&#x5B89;&#x88C5;, &#x5378;&#x8F7D;&#x548C;&#x7BA1;&#x7406; Debian &#x8F6F;&#x4EF6;&#x5305;</p>

<pre><code>        -i,--install    &#x5B89;&#x88C5;&#x8F6F;&#x4EF6;&#x5305;
        -l,--list       &#x5217;&#x51FA;&#x5DF2;&#x5B89;&#x88C5;&#x7684;&#x8F6F;&#x4EF6;&#x5305;
        --configure     &#x914D;&#x7F6E;&#x4E00;&#x4E2A;&#x5DF2;&#x7ECF;&#x89E3;&#x5F00;&#x7684;&#x8F6F;&#x4EF6;&#x5305;
        -P,--purge      &#x6E05;&#x9664;&#x8F6F;&#x4EF6;&#x5305;&#x7684;&#x6240;&#x6709;&#x6587;&#x4EF6;
        -r,--remove     &#x5220;&#x9664;&#x8F6F;&#x4EF6;&#x5305;&#x6240;&#x6709;&#x6587;&#x4EF6;, &#x4F46;&#x662F;&#x4FDD;&#x7559;&#x914D;&#x7F6E;&#x4FE1;&#x606F;
        --unpack        &#x89E3;&#x5F00;&#x8F6F;&#x4EF6;&#x5305;, &#x4F46;&#x4E0D;&#x914D;&#x7F6E;&#x5B83;
        --force-depends &#x5FFD;&#x7565;&#x4F9D;&#x8D56;&#x95EE;&#x9898;
        --force-confnew &#x5B89;&#x88C5;&#x65F6;&#x8986;&#x76D6;&#x6240;&#x6709;&#x6587;&#x4EF6;
        --force-confold &#x5B89;&#x88C5;&#x65F6;&#x4FDD;&#x7559;&#x5B58;&#x5728;&#x7684;&#x914D;&#x7F6E;&#x6587;&#x4EF6;</code></pre>

</dd>
<dt id="dpkg-deb"><b>dpkg-deb</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>dpkg-deb [-cefxX] &#x6587;&#x4EF6; [argument]</p>

<p>Perform actions on Debian packages (.debs)</p>

<pre><code>        -c      &#x5217;&#x51FA;&#x6587;&#x4EF6;&#x7CFB;&#x7EDF;&#x5185;&#x5BB9;
        -e      &#x89E3;&#x538B;&#x6307;&#x5B9A;&#x6587;&#x4EF6;&#x5230;&#x53C2;&#x6570;&#x6240;&#x6307;&#x7684;&#x76EE;&#x5F55;
        -f      &#x663E;&#x793A;&#x540D;&#x79F0;&#x8D77;&#x59CB;&#x7684;&#x63A7;&#x5236;&#x9886;&#x57DF; [&#x53C2;&#x6570;]
        -x      &#x89E3;&#x538B;&#x8F6F;&#x4EF6;&#x5305;&#x5230;&#x53C2;&#x6570;&#x6240;&#x6307;&#x7684;&#x76EE;&#x5F55;
        -X      &#x8BE6;&#x7EC6;&#x89E3;&#x538B;&#x4FE1;&#x606F;</code></pre>

</dd>
<dt id="du"><b>du</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>du [-aHLdclsxhmk] [&#x6587;&#x4EF6;]...</p>

<p>&#x8BA1;&#x7B97;&#x6BCF;&#x4E2A;&#x6587;&#x4EF6;&#x7684;&#x78C1;&#x76D8;&#x7528;&#x91CF;&#xFF0C;&#x76EE;&#x5F55;&#x5219;&#x53D6;&#x603B;&#x7528;&#x91CF;</p>

<pre><code>        -a      &#x8F93;&#x51FA;&#x6240;&#x6709;&#x6587;&#x4EF6;&#x7684;&#x78C1;&#x76D8;&#x7528;&#x91CF;
        -L      &#x627E;&#x51FA;&#x4EFB;&#x4F55;&#x7B26;&#x53F7;&#x94FE;&#x63A5;&#x6307;&#x793A;&#x7684;&#x771F;&#x6B63;&#x76EE;&#x7684;&#x5730;
        -H      &#x547D;&#x4EE4;&#x884C;&#x4E2D;&#x627E;&#x51FA;&#x4EFB;&#x4F55;&#x7B26;&#x53F7;&#x94FE;&#x63A5;&#x6307;&#x793A;&#x7684;&#x771F;&#x6B63;&#x76EE;&#x7684;&#x5730;
        -d N    Limit output to directories (and files with -a) of depth &lt; N
        -c      &#x663E;&#x793A;&#x603B;&#x8BA1;&#x4FE1;&#x606F;
        -l      &#x5982;&#x679C;&#x662F;&#x786C;&#x8FDE;&#x63A5;&#xFF0C;&#x5C31;&#x591A;&#x6B21;&#x8BA1;&#x7B97;&#x5176;&#x5C3A;&#x5BF8;
        -s      &#x53EA;&#x5206;&#x522B;&#x8BA1;&#x7B97;&#x547D;&#x4EE4;&#x5217;&#x4E2D;&#x6BCF;&#x4E2A;&#x53C2;&#x6570;&#x6240;&#x5360;&#x7684;&#x603B;&#x7528;&#x91CF;
        -x      &#x8DF3;&#x8FC7;&#x5904;&#x4E8E;&#x4E0D;&#x540C;&#x6587;&#x4EF6;&#x7CFB;&#x7EDF;&#x4E4B;&#x4E0A;&#x7684;&#x76EE;&#x5F55;
        -h      &#x4EE5;&#x53EF;&#x8BFB;&#x6027;&#x8F83;&#x597D;&#x7684;&#x65B9;&#x5F0F;&#x663E;&#x793A;&#x5927;&#x5C0F; (&#x7C7B;&#x4F3C; 1K 243M 2G)
        -m      &#x4EE5; MB &#x7684;&#x5355;&#x4F4D;&#x663E;&#x793A;&#x5927;&#x5C0F;
        -k      &#x4EE5; KB &#x7684;&#x5355;&#x4F4D;&#x663E;&#x793A;&#x5927;&#x5C0F; (default)</code></pre>

</dd>
<dt id="echo"><b>echo</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>echo [-neE] [ARG]...</p>

<p>Print the specified ARGs to stdout</p>

<pre><code>        -n      &#x4E0D;&#x6362;&#x884C;
        -e      &#x652F;&#x6301;&#x7279;&#x6B8A;&#x5B57;&#x7B26;
        -E      &#x4E0D;&#x4F7F;&#x7528;&#x7279;&#x6B8A;&#x5B57;&#x7B26;</code></pre>

</dd>
<dt id="ed"><b>ed</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>ed</p>

</dd>
<dt id="env"><b>env</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>env [-iu] [-] [name=value]... [PROG ARGS]</p>

<p>&#x8BBE;&#x7F6E;&#x4E00;&#x4E2A;&#x73AF;&#x5883;&#x53D8;&#x91CF;&#x7684; &#x540D;&#x79F0;=&#x952E;&#x503C; &#x5E76;&#x8FD0;&#x884C;&#x547D;&#x4EE4;</p>

<pre><code>        -, -i   &#x4EE5;&#x65E0;&#x5B9A;&#x4E49;&#x7684;&#x73AF;&#x5883;&#x542F;&#x52A8;
        -u      &#x4ECE;&#x5F53;&#x524D;&#x73AF;&#x5883;&#x4E2D;&#x64A4;&#x6D88;&#x4E00;&#x4E2A;&#x53D8;&#x91CF;</code></pre>

</dd>
<dt id="envdir"><b>envdir</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>envdir &#x76EE;&#x5F55; PROG ARGS</p>

<p>Set various environment variables as specified by files in the directory &#x76EE;&#x5F55;, run PROG</p>

</dd>
<dt id="envuidgid"><b>envuidgid</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>envuidgid USER PROG ARGS</p>

<p>Set $UID to USER&#39;s uid and $GID to USER&#39;s gid, run PROG</p>

</dd>
<dt id="expand"><b>expand</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>expand [-i] [-t N] [&#x6587;&#x4EF6;]...</p>

<p>&#x5C06;&#x6BCF;&#x4E2A;&#x6587;&#x4EF6;&#x4E2D;&#x7684;&#x5236;&#x8868;&#x7B26;&#x8F6C;&#x6362;&#x4E3A;&#x7A7A;&#x683C;&#xFF0C;&#x5199;&#x5230;&#x6807;&#x51C6;&#x8F93;&#x51FA;</p>

<pre><code>        -i,--initial    &#x4E0D;&#x8F6C;&#x6362;&#x975E;&#x7A7A;&#x767D;&#x7B26;&#x540E;&#x7684;&#x5236;&#x8868;&#x7B26;
        -t,--tabs=N     &#x8BBE;&#x7F6E;&#x6BCF;&#x4E2A;&#x5236;&#x8868;&#x7B26;&#x4E3A;&#x6307;&#x5B9A;&#x6570;&#x5B57;&#x7684;&#x5BBD;&#x5EA6;</code></pre>

</dd>
<dt id="expr"><b>expr</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>expr &#x8868;&#x8FBE;&#x5F0F;</p>

<p>&#x5C06;&#x8868;&#x8FBE;&#x5F0F;&#x7684;&#x503C;&#x5217;&#x5370;&#x5230;&#x6807;&#x51C6;&#x8F93;&#x51FA;</p>

<p>&#x53EF;&#x7528;&#x7684;&#x8868;&#x8FBE;&#x5F0F;&#x6709;: ARG1 | ARG2 &#x82E5;ARG1 &#x7684;&#x503C;&#x4E0D;&#x4E3A;0 &#x6216;&#x8005;&#x4E3A;&#x7A7A;&#xFF0C;&#x5219;&#x8FD4;&#x56DE;ARG1&#xFF0C;&#x5426;&#x5219;&#x8FD4;&#x56DE;ARG2 ARG1 &amp; ARG2 &#x82E5;&#x4E24;&#x8FB9;&#x7684;&#x503C;&#x90FD;&#x4E0D;&#x4E3A;0 &#x6216;&#x4E3A;&#x7A7A;&#xFF0C;&#x5219;&#x8FD4;&#x56DE;ARG1&#xFF0C;&#x5426;&#x5219;&#x8FD4;&#x56DE; 0 ARG1 &lt; ARG2 ARG1 &#x5C0F;&#x4E8E;ARG2 ARG1 &lt;= ARG2 ARG1 &#x5C0F;&#x4E8E;&#x6216;&#x7B49;&#x4E8E;ARG2 ARG1 = ARG2 ARG1 &#x7B49;&#x4E8E;ARG2 ARG1 != ARG2 ARG1 &#x4E0D;&#x7B49;&#x4E8E;ARG2 ARG1 &gt;= ARG2 ARG1 &#x5927;&#x4E8E;&#x6216;&#x7B49;&#x4E8E;ARG2 ARG1 &gt; ARG2 ARG1 &#x5927;&#x4E8E;ARG2 ARG1 + ARG2 &#x8BA1;&#x7B97; ARG1 &#x4E0E;ARG2 &#x76F8;&#x52A0;&#x4E4B;&#x548C; ARG1 - ARG2 &#x8BA1;&#x7B97; ARG1 &#x4E0E;ARG2 &#x76F8;&#x51CF;&#x4E4B;&#x5DEE; ARG1 * ARG2 &#x8BA1;&#x7B97; ARG1 &#x4E0E;ARG2 &#x76F8;&#x4E58;&#x4E4B;&#x79EF; ARG1 / ARG2 &#x8BA1;&#x7B97; ARG1 &#x4E0E;ARG2 &#x76F8;&#x9664;&#x4E4B;&#x5546; ARG1 % ARG2 &#x8BA1;&#x7B97; ARG1 &#x4E0E;ARG2 &#x76F8;&#x9664;&#x4E4B;&#x4F59;&#x6570; &#x5B57;&#x7B26;&#x4E32; : &#x8868;&#x8FBE;&#x5F0F; &#x5B9A;&#x4F4D;&#x5B57;&#x7B26;&#x4E32;&#x4E2D;&#x5339;&#x914D;&#x8868;&#x8FBE;&#x5F0F;&#x7684;&#x6A21;&#x5F0F; match &#x5B57;&#x7B26;&#x4E32; &#x8868;&#x8FBE;&#x5F0F; &#x7B49;&#x4E8E; &#x5B57;&#x7B26;&#x4E32; : &#x8868;&#x8FBE;&#x5F0F; substr &#x5B57;&#x7B26;&#x4E32; &#x504F;&#x79FB;&#x91CF; &#x957F;&#x5EA6; &#x66FF;&#x6362;&#x5B57;&#x7B26;&#x4E32;&#x7684;&#x5B50;&#x4E32;&#xFF0C;&#x504F;&#x79FB;&#x7684;&#x6570;&#x503C;&#x4ECE; 1 &#x8D77;&#x8BA1; index &#x5B57;&#x7B26;&#x4E32; &#x5B57;&#x7B26; &#x5728;&#x5B57;&#x7B26;&#x4E32;&#x4E2D;&#x53D1;&#x73B0;&#x5B57;&#x7B26;&#x7684;&#x5730;&#x65B9;&#x5EFA;&#x7ACB;&#x4E0B;&#x6807;&#xFF0C;&#x6216;&#x8005;&#x6807;0 length &#x5B57;&#x7B26;&#x4E32; &#x5B57;&#x7B26;&#x4E32;&#x7684;&#x957F;&#x5EA6; quote &#x8BB0;&#x53F7; &#x5C06;&#x8BB0;&#x53F7;&#x89E3;&#x6790;&#x4E3A;&#x5B57;&#x7B26;&#x4E32;&#xFF0C;&#x5373;&#x4F7F;&#x5B83;&#x662F;&#x4E00;&#x4E2A;&#x7C7B;&#x4F3C; &#39;match&#39; &#x6216; &#x8FD0;&#x7B97;&#x7B26; &#39;/&#39; &#x90A3;&#x6837;&#x7684;&#x5173;&#x952E;&#x5B57; (&#x8868;&#x8FBE;&#x5F0F;) &#x8868;&#x8FBE;&#x5F0F;&#x7684;&#x503C;</p>

<p>&#x8BF7;&#x6CE8;&#x610F;&#x6709;&#x8BB8;&#x591A;&#x8FD0;&#x7B97;&#x64CD;&#x4F5C;&#x7B26;&#x90FD;&#x53EF;&#x80FD;&#x9700;&#x8981;&#x7531; shell &#x5148;&#x5B9E;&#x65BD;&#x8F6C;&#x4E49; &#x5982;&#x679C;&#x53C2;&#x4E0E;&#x8FD0;&#x7B97;&#x7684; ARG &#x81EA;&#x53D8;&#x91CF;&#x90FD;&#x662F;&#x6570;&#x5B57;&#xFF0C;&#x6BD4;&#x8F83;&#x7B26;&#x5C31;&#x4F1A;&#x88AB;&#x89C6;&#x4F5C;&#x6570;&#x5B66;&#x7B26;&#x53F7;&#xFF0C;&#x5426;&#x5219; &#x5C31;&#x662F;&#x591A;&#x4E49;&#x7684;. &#x6A21;&#x5F0F;&#x5339;&#x914D;&#x4F1A;&#x8FD4;&#x56DE; \ &#x548C; \&#x4E4B;&#x95F4;&#x88AB;&#x5339;&#x914D;&#x7684;&#x5B50;&#x5B57;&#x7B26;&#x4E32;&#x6216;&#x7A7A;(null) &#x5982;&#x679C;&#x672A;&#x4F7F;&#x7528; \ &#x548C; \, &#x5219;&#x4F1A;&#x8FD4;&#x56DE;&#x5339;&#x914D;&#x5B57;&#x7B26;&#x6570;&#x91CF;&#x6216;&#x662F; 0</p>

</dd>
<dt id="fakeidentd"><b>fakeidentd</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>fakeidentd [-fiw] [-b ADDR] [STRING]</p>

<p>Provide fake ident (auth) service</p>

<pre><code>        -f      Run in foreground
        -i      Inetd mode
        -w      Inetd &#39;wait&#39; mode
        -b ADDR Bind to specified address
        STRING  Ident answer string (default: nobody)</code></pre>

</dd>
<dt id="false"><b>false</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>false</p>

<p>&#x8FD4;&#x56DE; &#x9519;&#x8BEF;&#x7684;&#x8FD4;&#x56DE;&#x503C; (1)</p>

</dd>
<dt id="fatattr"><b>fatattr</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>fatattr [-+rhsvda] FILE...</p>

<p>Change file attributes on FAT filesystem</p>

<pre><code>  - Clear attributes
  + Set attributes
  r Read only
  h Hidden
  s System
  v Volume label
  d Directory
  a Archive</code></pre>

</dd>
<dt id="fbset"><b>fbset</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>fbset [OPTIONS] [MODE]</p>

<p>Show and modify frame buffer settings</p>

</dd>
<dt id="fbsplash"><b>fbsplash</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>fbsplash -s IMGFILE [-c] [-d DEV] [-i INIFILE] [-f CMD]</p>

<pre><code>        -s      Image
        -c      Hide cursor
        -d      Framebuffer device (default /dev/fb0)
        -i      Config file (var=value):
                        BAR_LEFT,BAR_TOP,BAR_WIDTH,BAR_HEIGHT
                        BAR_R,BAR_G,BAR_B
        -f      Control pipe (else exit after drawing image)
                        commands: &#39;NN&#39; (% for progress bar) or &#39;exit&#39;</code></pre>

</dd>
<dt id="fdflush"><b>fdflush</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>fdflush DEVICE</p>

<p>&#x5F3A;&#x884C; floppy disk drive to detect disk change</p>

</dd>
<dt id="fdformat"><b>fdformat</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>fdformat [-n] DEVICE</p>

<p>Format floppy disk</p>

<pre><code>        -n      Don&#39;t verify after format</code></pre>

</dd>
<dt id="fdisk"><b>fdisk</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>fdisk [-ul] [-C CYLINDERS] [-H HEADS] [-S SECTORS] [-b SSZ] DISK</p>

<p>Change partition table</p>

<pre><code>        -u              Start and End are in sectors (instead of cylinders)
        -l              Show partition table for each DISK, then exit
        -b 2048         (for certain MO disks) use 2048-byte sectors
        -C CYLINDERS    Set number of cylinders/heads/sectors
        -H HEADS
        -S SECTORS</code></pre>

</dd>
<dt id="find"><b>find</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>find [-HL] [PATH]... [OPTIONS] [ACTIONS]</p>

<p>Search for files and perform actions on them. First failed action stops processing of current file. Defaults: PATH is current directory, action is &#39;-print&#39;</p>

<pre><code>        -L,-follow      Follow symlinks
        -H              ...on command line only
        -xdev           Don&#39;t descend directories on other filesystems
        -maxdepth N     Descend at most N levels. -maxdepth 0 applies
                        actions to command line arguments only
        -mindepth N     Don&#39;t act on first N levels
        -depth          Act on directory *after* traversing it</code></pre>

<p>Actions:</p>

<pre><code>        ( ACTIONS )     Group actions for -o / -a
        ! ACT           Invert ACT&#39;s success/failure
        ACT1 [-a] ACT2  If ACT1 fails, stop, else do ACT2
        ACT1 -o ACT2    If ACT1 succeeds, stop, else do ACT2
                        Note: -a has higher priority than -o
        -name PATTERN   Match file name (w/o directory name) to PATTERN
        -iname PATTERN  Case insensitive -name
        -path PATTERN   Match path to PATTERN
        -ipath PATTERN  Case insensitive -path
        -regex PATTERN  Match path to regex PATTERN
        -type X         File type is X (one of: f,d,l,b,c,...)
        -perm MASK      At least one mask bit (+MASK), all bits (-MASK),
                        or exactly MASK bits are set in file&#39;s mode
        -mtime DAYS     mtime is greater than (+N), less than (-N),
                        or exactly N days in the past
        -mmin MINS      mtime is greater than (+N), less than (-N),
                        or exactly N minutes in the past
        -newer &#x6587;&#x4EF6;       mtime is more recent than &#x6587;&#x4EF6;&#39;s
        -inum N         File has inode number N
        -user NAME/ID   File is owned by given user
        -group NAME/ID  File is owned by given group
        -size N[bck]    File size is N (c:bytes,k:kbytes,b:512 bytes(def.))
                        +/-N: file size is bigger/smaller than N
        -links N        Number of links is greater than (+N), less than (-N),
                        or exactly N
        -prune          If current file is directory, don&#39;t descend into it
If none of the following actions is specified, -print is assumed
        -print          Print file name
        -print0         Print file name, NUL terminated
        -exec CMD ARG ; Run CMD with all instances of {} replaced by
                        file name. Fails if CMD exits with nonzero
        -delete         Delete current file/directory. Turns on -depth option</code></pre>

</dd>
<dt id="findfs"><b>findfs</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>findfs LABEL=label or UUID=uuid</p>

<p>Find a filesystem device based on a label or UUID</p>

</dd>
<dt id="flash_lock"><b>flash_lock</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>flash_lock MTD_DEVICE OFFSET SECTORS</p>

<p>Lock part or all of an MTD device. If SECTORS is -1, then all sectors will be locked, regardless of the value of OFFSET</p>

</dd>
<dt id="flash_unlock"><b>flash_unlock</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>flash_unlock MTD_DEVICE</p>

<p>Unlock an MTD device</p>

</dd>
<dt id="flashcp"><b>flashcp</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>flashcp -v &#x6587;&#x4EF6; MTD_DEVICE</p>

<p>Copy an image to MTD device</p>

<pre><code>        -v      &#x8BE6;&#x7EC6;</code></pre>

</dd>
<dt id="flock"><b>flock</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>flock [-sxun] FD|{&#x6587;&#x4EF6; [-c] PROG ARGS}</p>

<p>[Un]lock file descriptor, or lock &#x6587;&#x4EF6;, run PROG</p>

<pre><code>        -s      Shared lock
        -x      Exclusive lock (default)
        -u      Unlock FD
        -n      Fail rather than wait</code></pre>

</dd>
<dt id="fold"><b>fold</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>fold [-bs] [-w WIDTH] [&#x6587;&#x4EF6;]...</p>

<p>&#x5BF9;&#x6BCF;&#x4E2A;&#x6307;&#x5B9A;&#x7684;&#x6587;&#x4EF6;(&#x9ED8;&#x8BA4;&#x7531;&#x6807;&#x51C6;&#x8F93;&#x5165;&#x8BFB;&#x53D6;)&#x8BBE;&#x7F6E;&#x81EA;&#x52A8;&#x6362;&#x884C;&#xFF0C;&#x5E76;&#x5C06;&#x91CD;&#x65B0;&#x6392;&#x7248;&#x540E;&#x7684;&#x7ED3;&#x679C;&#x8F93;&#x51FA;&#x5230;&#x6807;&#x51C6;&#x8F93;&#x51FA;</p>

<pre><code>        -b      &#x8BA1;&#x7B97;&#x5B57;&#x8282;&#x6570;&#x800C;&#x4E0D;&#x662F;&#x5217;&#x6570;
        -s      &#x5728;&#x7A7A;&#x683C;&#x5904;&#x65AD;&#x884C;
        -w      &#x4F7F;&#x7528;&#x6307;&#x5B9A;&#x7684;&#x5217;&#x5BBD;&#x5EA6;&#x4EE3;&#x66FF;&#x9ED8;&#x8BA4;&#x7684;80</code></pre>

</dd>
<dt id="free"><b>free</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>free [-b/k/m/g]</p>

<p>Display the amount of free and used system memory</p>

</dd>
<dt id="freeramdisk"><b>freeramdisk</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>freeramdisk DEVICE</p>

<p>Free all memory used by the specified ramdisk</p>

</dd>
<dt id="fsck"><b>fsck</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>fsck [-ANPRTV] [-C FD] [-t FSTYPE] [FS_OPTS] [BLOCKDEV]...</p>

<p>Check and repair filesystems</p>

<pre><code>        -A      Walk /etc/fstab and check all filesystems
        -N      Don&#39;t execute, just show what would be done
        -P      With -A, check filesystems in parallel
        -R      With -A, skip the root filesystem
        -T      Don&#39;t show title on startup
        -V      &#x8BE6;&#x7EC6;
        -C n    Write status information to specified filedescriptor
        -t TYPE &#x5217;&#x51FA; of filesystem types to check</code></pre>

</dd>
<dt id="fsck.minix"><b>fsck.minix</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>fsck.minix [-larvsmf] BLOCKDEV</p>

<p>Check MINIX filesystem</p>

<pre><code>        -l      &#x5217;&#x51FA; all filenames
        -r      Perform interactive repairs
        -a      Perform automatic repairs
        -v      &#x8BE6;&#x7EC6;
        -s      Output superblock information
        -m      Show &quot;mode not cleared&quot; warnings
        -f      &#x5F3A;&#x884C; file system check</code></pre>

</dd>
<dt id="fstrim"><b>fstrim</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>fstrim [OPTIONS] MOUNTPOINT</p>

<pre><code>        -o,--offset=OFFSET      Offset in bytes to discard from
        -l,--length=LEN         Bytes to discard
        -m,--minimum=MIN        Minimum extent length
        -v,--verbose            Print number of discarded bytes</code></pre>

</dd>
<dt id="fsync"><b>fsync</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>fsync [-d] &#x6587;&#x4EF6;...</p>

<p>&#x5C06;&#x7F13;&#x51B2;&#x533A;&#x7684;&#x6587;&#x4EF6;&#x5199;&#x56DE;&#x78C1;&#x76D8;</p>

<pre><code>        -d      &#x907F;&#x514D;&#x540C;&#x6B65;&#x5143;&#x6570;&#x636E;</code></pre>

</dd>
<dt id="ftpd"><b>ftpd</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>ftpd [-wvS] [-t N] [-T N] [&#x76EE;&#x5F55;]</p>

<p>Anonymous FTP server</p>

<p>ftpd should be used as an inetd service. ftpd&#39;s line for inetd.conf: 21 stream tcp nowait root ftpd ftpd /files/to/serve It also can be ran from tcpsvd:</p>

<pre><code>        tcpsvd -vE 0.0.0.0 21 ftpd /files/to/serve

        -w      Allow upload
        -v      Log errors to stderr. -vv: verbose log
        -S      Log errors to syslog. -SS: verbose log
        -t,-T   Idle and absolute timeouts
        &#x76EE;&#x5F55;      Change root to this directory</code></pre>

</dd>
<dt id="ftpget"><b>ftpget</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>ftpget [OPTIONS] HOST [LOCAL_FILE] REMOTE_FILE</p>

<p>Download a file via FTP</p>

<pre><code>        -c,--continue           Continue previous transfer
        -v,--verbose            &#x8BE6;&#x7EC6;
        -u,--username USER      Username
        -p,--password PASS      Password
        -P,--port NUM           Port</code></pre>

</dd>
<dt id="ftpput"><b>ftpput</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>ftpput [OPTIONS] HOST [REMOTE_FILE] LOCAL_FILE</p>

<p>Upload a file to a FTP server</p>

<pre><code>        -v,--verbose            &#x8BE6;&#x7EC6;
        -u,--username USER      Username
        -p,--password PASS      Password
        -P,--port NUM           Port</code></pre>

</dd>
<dt id="fuser"><b>fuser</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>fuser [OPTIONS] &#x6587;&#x4EF6; or PORT/PROTO</p>

<p>Find processes which use FILEs or PORTs</p>

<pre><code>        -m      Find processes which use same fs as FILEs
        -4,-6   Search only IPv4/IPv6 space
        -s      Don&#39;t display PIDs
        -k      Kill found processes
        -SIGNAL Signal to send (default: KILL)</code></pre>

</dd>
<dt id="getopt"><b>getopt</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>getopt [OPTIONS] [--] OPTSTRING PARAMS</p>

<pre><code>        -a,--alternative                Allow long options starting with single -
        -l,--longoptions=LOPT[,...]     Long options to recognize
        -n,--name=PROGNAME              The name under which errors are reported
        -o,--options=OPTSTRING          Short options to recognize
        -q,--quiet                      No error messages on unrecognized options
        -Q,--quiet-output               No normal output
        -s,--shell=SHELL                Set shell quoting conventions
        -T,--test                       Version test (exits with 4)
        -u,--unquoted                   Don&#39;t quote output</code></pre>

<p>Example:</p>

<p>O=`getopt -l bb: -- ab:c:: &quot;$@&quot;` || exit 1 eval set -- &quot;$O&quot; while true; do case &quot;$1&quot; in -a) echo A; shift;; -b|--bb) echo &quot;B:&#39;$2&#39;&quot;; shift 2;; -c) case &quot;$2&quot; in &quot;&quot;) echo C; shift 2;; *) echo &quot;C:&#39;$2&#39;&quot;; shift 2;; esac;; --) shift; break;; *) echo Error; exit 1;; esac done</p>

</dd>
<dt id="grep"><b>grep</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>grep [-HhnlLoqvsriwFE] [-m N] [-A/B/C N] PATTERN/-e PATTERN.../-f &#x6587;&#x4EF6; [&#x6587;&#x4EF6;]...</p>

<p>&#x5728;&#x6BCF;&#x4E2A; FILE &#x6216;&#x662F;&#x6807;&#x51C6;&#x8F93;&#x5165;&#x4E2D;&#x67E5;&#x627E; PATTERN</p>

<pre><code>        -H      &#x4E3A;&#x6BCF;&#x4E00;&#x5339;&#x914D;&#x9879;&#x6253;&#x5370;&#x6587;&#x4EF6;&#x540D;
        -h      &#x8F93;&#x51FA;&#x65F6;&#x4E0D;&#x663E;&#x793A;&#x6587;&#x4EF6;&#x540D;&#x524D;&#x7F00;
        -n      &#x8F93;&#x51FA;&#x7684;&#x540C;&#x65F6;&#x6253;&#x5370;&#x884C;&#x53F7;
        -l      &#x53EA;&#x6253;&#x5370;&#x5339;&#x914D;FILES &#x7684;&#x6587;&#x4EF6;&#x540D;
        -L      &#x53EA;&#x6253;&#x5370;&#x4E0D;&#x5339;&#x914D;FILEs &#x7684;&#x6587;&#x4EF6;&#x540D;
        -c      &#x53EA;&#x6253;&#x5370;&#x6BCF;&#x4E2A;FILE &#x4E2D;&#x7684;&#x5339;&#x914D;&#x884C;&#x6570;&#x76EE;
        -o      &#x53EA;&#x663E;&#x793A;&#x4E00;&#x884C;&#x4E2D;&#x5339;&#x914D;PATTERN &#x7684;&#x90E8;&#x5206;
        -q      &#x4E0D;&#x663E;&#x793A;&#x6240;&#x6709;&#x8F93;&#x51FA;
        -v      &#x9009;&#x4E2D;&#x4E0D;&#x5339;&#x914D;&#x7684;&#x884C;
        -s      &#x4E0D;&#x663E;&#x793A;&#x9519;&#x8BEF;&#x4FE1;&#x606F;
        -r      &#x9012;&#x5F52;
        -i      &#x5FFD;&#x7565;&#x5927;&#x5C0F;&#x5199;
        -w      &#x5F3A;&#x5236; PATTERN &#x4EC5;&#x5B8C;&#x5168;&#x5339;&#x914D;&#x5B57;&#x8BCD;
        -x      &#x5F3A;&#x5236; PATTERN &#x4EC5;&#x5B8C;&#x5168;&#x5339;&#x914D;&#x4E00;&#x884C;
        -F      PATTERN &#x662F;&#x4E00;&#x7EC4;&#x7531;&#x65AD;&#x884C;&#x7B26;&#x5206;&#x9694;&#x7684;&#x5B9A;&#x957F;&#x5B57;&#x7B26;&#x4E32;
        -E      PATTERN &#x662F;&#x4E00;&#x4E2A;&#x53EF;&#x6269;&#x5C55;&#x7684;&#x6B63;&#x5219;&#x8868;&#x8FBE;&#x5F0F;
        -m N    N &#x6B21;&#x5339;&#x914D;&#x540E;&#x505C;&#x6B62;
        -A N    &#x6253;&#x5370;&#x4EE5;&#x6587;&#x672C;&#x7ED3;&#x5C3E;&#x7684; N &#x884C;
        -B N    &#x6253;&#x5370;&#x4EE5;&#x6587;&#x672C;&#x8D77;&#x59CB;&#x7684; N &#x884C;
        -C N    &#x6253;&#x5370;&#x8F93;&#x51FA;&#x6587;&#x672C; N &#x884C;
        -e PTRN &#x7528; PATTERN &#x6765;&#x8FDB;&#x884C;&#x5339;&#x914D;&#x64CD;&#x4F5C;
        -f &#x6587;&#x4EF6;   &#x4ECE; FILE &#x4E2D;&#x53D6;&#x5F97; PATTERN</code></pre>

</dd>
<dt id="gunzip"><b>gunzip</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>gunzip [-cft] [&#x6587;&#x4EF6;]...</p>

<p>&#x89E3;&#x538B; FILEs (or stdin)</p>

<pre><code>        -c      &#x5199;&#x5230;&#x5230;&#x6807;&#x51C6;&#x8F93;&#x51FA;
        -f      &#x5F3A;&#x884C;
        -t      &#x6D4B;&#x8BD5;&#x6587;&#x4EF6;&#x6B63;&#x786E;&#x6027;</code></pre>

</dd>
<dt id="gzip"><b>gzip</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>gzip [-cfd] [&#x6587;&#x4EF6;]...</p>

<p>&#x538B;&#x7F29;&#x6587;&#x4EF6; (&#x6216;&#x8005;&#x4ECE;&#x6807;&#x51C6;&#x8F93;&#x5165;)</p>

<pre><code>        -d      &#x89E3;&#x538B;
        -c      &#x5199;&#x5230;&#x5230;&#x6807;&#x51C6;&#x8F93;&#x51FA;
        -f      &#x5F3A;&#x884C;</code></pre>

</dd>
<dt id="hd"><b>hd</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>hd &#x6587;&#x4EF6;...</p>

<p>hd is an alias for hexdump -C</p>

</dd>
<dt id="hdparm"><b>hdparm</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>hdparm [OPTIONS] [DEVICE]</p>

<pre><code>        -a      Get/set fs readahead
        -A      Set drive read-lookahead flag (0/1)
        -b      Get/set bus state (0 == off, 1 == on, 2 == tristate)
        -B      Set Advanced Power Management setting (1-255)
        -c      Get/set IDE 32-bit IO setting
        -C      Check IDE power mode status
        -d      Get/set using_dma flag
        -D      Enable/disable drive defect-mgmt
        -f      Flush buffer cache for device on exit
        -g      Display drive geometry
        -h      Display terse usage information
        -i      Display drive identification
        -I      Detailed/current information directly from drive
        -k      Get/set keep_settings_over_reset flag (0/1)
        -K      Set drive keep_features_over_reset flag (0/1)
        -L      Set drive doorlock (0/1) (removable harddisks only)
        -m      Get/set multiple sector count
        -n      Get/set ignore-write-errors flag (0/1)
        -p      Set PIO mode on IDE interface chipset (0,1,2,3,4,...)
        -P      Set drive prefetch count
        -Q      Get/set DMA tagged-queuing depth (if supported)
        -r      Get/set readonly flag (DANGEROUS to set)
        -R      Register an IDE interface (DANGEROUS)
        -S      Set standby (spindown) timeout
        -t      Perform device read timings
        -T      Perform cache read timings
        -u      Get/set unmaskirq flag (0/1)
        -U      Unregister an IDE interface (DANGEROUS)
        -v      Defaults; same as -mcudkrag for IDE drives
        -V      Display program version and exit immediately
        -w      Perform device reset (DANGEROUS)
        -W      Set drive write-caching flag (0/1) (DANGEROUS)
        -x      Tristate device for hotswap (0/1) (DANGEROUS)
        -X      Set IDE xfer mode (DANGEROUS)
        -y      Put IDE drive in standby mode
        -Y      Put IDE drive to sleep
        -Z      Disable Seagate auto-powersaving mode
        -z      Reread partition table</code></pre>

</dd>
<dt id="head"><b>head</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>head [&#x9009;&#x9879;] [&#x6587;&#x4EF6;]...</p>

<p>&#x5C06;&#x6BCF;&#x4E2A;&#x6307;&#x5B9A;&#x6587;&#x4EF6;&#x7684;&#x5934;10 &#x884C;&#x663E;&#x793A;&#x5230;&#x6807;&#x51C6;&#x8F93;&#x51FA;. &#x5982;&#x679C;&#x4E0D;&#x6307;&#x5B9A;&#x6587;&#x4EF6;&#xFF0C;&#x6216;&#x8005;&#x6587;&#x4EF6;&#x4E3A; - &#xFF0C;&#x5219;&#x4ECE;&#x6807;&#x51C6;&#x8F93;&#x5165;&#x8BFB;&#x53D6;&#x6570;&#x636E;.</p>

<pre><code>        -n N[kbm]       &#x663E;&#x793A;&#x6BCF;&#x4E2A;&#x6587;&#x4EF6;&#x7684;&#x524D;        N &#x884C;&#x5185;&#x5BB9;
        -n -N[kbm]      &#x663E;&#x793A;&#x6BCF;&#x4E2A;&#x6587;&#x4EF6;&#x7684;&#x540E;        N &#x884C;&#x5185;&#x5BB9;
        -c [-]N[kbm]    &#x663E;&#x793A;&#x6BCF;&#x4E2A;&#x6587;&#x4EF6;&#x7684;&#x524D;        N &#x5B57;&#x8282;&#x5185;&#x5BB9;
        -q              &#x4E0D;&#x663E;&#x793A;&#x5305;&#x542B;&#x7ED9;&#x5B9A;&#x6587;&#x4EF6;&#x540D;&#x7684;&#x6587;&#x4EF6;&#x5934;
        -v              &#x603B;&#x662F;&#x663E;&#x793A;&#x5305;&#x542B;&#x7ED9;&#x5B9A;&#x6587;&#x4EF6;&#x540D;&#x7684;&#x6587;&#x4EF6;&#x5934;</code></pre>

<p>N &#x540E;&#x9762;&#x53EF;&#x4EE5;&#x8DDF;&#x4E58;&#x53F7; k: (x1024), b (x512), or m (x1024^2).</p>

</dd>
<dt id="hexdump"><b>hexdump</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>hexdump [-bcCdefnosvxR] [&#x6587;&#x4EF6;]...</p>

<p>Display FILEs (or stdin) in a user specified format</p>

<pre><code>        -b              One-byte octal display
        -c              One-byte character display
        -C              Canonical hex+ASCII, 16 bytes per line
        -d              Two-byte decimal display
        -e FORMAT_STRING
        -f FORMAT_FILE
        -n LENGTH       Interpret only LENGTH bytes of input
        -o              Two-byte octal display
        -s OFFSET       Skip OFFSET bytes
        -v              Display all input data
        -x              Two-byte hexadecimal display
        -R              Reverse of &#39;hexdump -Cv&#39;</code></pre>

</dd>
<dt id="httpd"><b>httpd</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>httpd [-ifv[v]] [-c CONFFILE] [-p [IP:]PORT] [-u USER[:GRP]] [-r REALM] [-h HOME] or httpd -d/-e STRING</p>

<p>&#x5217;&#x51FA;en for incoming HTTP requests</p>

<pre><code>        -i              Inetd mode
        -f              Don&#39;t daemonize
        -v[v]           &#x8BE6;&#x7EC6;
        -p [IP:]PORT    Bind to IP:PORT (default *:80)
        -u USER[:GRP]   Set uid/gid after binding to port
        -r REALM        Authentication Realm for Basic Authentication
        -h HOME         Home directory (default .)
        -c &#x6587;&#x4EF6;           Configuration file (default {/etc,HOME}/httpd.conf)
        -e STRING       HTML encode STRING
        -d STRING       URL decode STRING</code></pre>

</dd>
<dt id="hwclock"><b>hwclock</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>hwclock [-r] [-s] [-w] [-t] [-l] [-u] [-f &#x6587;&#x4EF6;]</p>

<p>Query and set hardware clock (RTC)</p>

<pre><code>        -r      Show hardware clock time
        -s      Set system time from hardware clock
        -w      Set hardware clock from system time
        -t      Set in-kernel timezone, correct system time
                if hardware clock is in local time
        -u      Assume hardware clock is kept in UTC
        -l      Assume hardware clock is kept in local time
        -f &#x6587;&#x4EF6;   Use specified device (e.g. /dev/rtc2)</code></pre>

</dd>
<dt id="id"><b>id</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>id [OPTIONS] [USER]</p>

<p>&#x663E;&#x793A;&#x6307;&#x5B9A;&#x7528;&#x6237;&#x6216;&#x5F53;&#x524D;&#x7528;&#x6237;(&#x5F53;&#x672A;&#x6307;&#x5B9A;&#x7528;&#x6237;&#x65F6;)&#x7684;&#x7528;&#x6237;&#x4E0E;&#x7EC4;&#x4FE1;&#x606F;</p>

<pre><code>        -u      &#x4EC5;&#x663E;&#x793A;&#x6709;&#x6548;&#x7528;&#x6237;ID
        -g      &#x4EC5;&#x663E;&#x793A;&#x6709;&#x6548;&#x7684;&#x7528;&#x6237;&#x7EC4;ID
        -G      &#x663E;&#x793A;&#x6240;&#x6709;&#x7EC4;&#x7684;ID
        -n      &#x663E;&#x793A;&#x7EC4;&#x540D;&#x79F0;&#x800C;&#x975E;&#x6570;&#x5B57;
        -r      &#x663E;&#x793A;&#x771F;&#x5B9E;ID &#x800C;&#x975E;&#x6709;&#x6548;ID</code></pre>

</dd>
<dt id="ifconfig"><b>ifconfig</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>ifconfig [-a] interface [address]</p>

<p>Configure a network interface</p>

<pre><code>        [[-]broadcast [ADDRESS]] [[-]pointopoint [ADDRESS]]
        [netmask ADDRESS] [dstaddr ADDRESS]
        [hw ether ADDRESS] [metric NN] [mtu NN]
        [[-]trailers] [[-]arp] [[-]allmulti]
        [multicast] [[-]promisc] [txqueuelen NN] [[-]dynamic]
        [mem_start NN] [io_addr NN] [irq NN]
        [up|down] ...</code></pre>

</dd>
<dt id="ifdown"><b>ifdown</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>ifdown [-anmvf] [-i &#x6587;&#x4EF6;] IFACE...</p>

<pre><code>        -a      De/configure all interfaces automatically
        -i &#x6587;&#x4EF6;   Use &#x6587;&#x4EF6; for interface definitions
        -n      Print out what would happen, but don&#39;t do it
                (note: doesn&#39;t disable mappings)
        -m      Don&#39;t run any mappings
        -v      Print out what would happen before doing it
        -f      &#x5F3A;&#x884C; de/configuration</code></pre>

</dd>
<dt id="ifup"><b>ifup</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>ifup [-anmvf] [-i &#x6587;&#x4EF6;] IFACE...</p>

<pre><code>        -a      De/configure all interfaces automatically
        -i &#x6587;&#x4EF6;   Use &#x6587;&#x4EF6; for interface definitions
        -n      Print out what would happen, but don&#39;t do it
                (note: doesn&#39;t disable mappings)
        -m      Don&#39;t run any mappings
        -v      Print out what would happen before doing it
        -f      &#x5F3A;&#x884C; de/configuration</code></pre>

</dd>
<dt id="inotifyd"><b>inotifyd</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>inotifyd PROG FILE1[:MASK]...</p>

<p>Run PROG on filesystem changes. When a filesystem event matching MASK occurs on FILEn, PROG ACTUAL_EVENTS FILEn [SUBFILE] is run. If PROG is -, events are sent to stdout. Events:</p>

<pre><code>        a       File is accessed
        c       File is modified
        e       Metadata changed
        w       Writable file is closed
        0       Unwritable file is closed
        r       File is opened
        D       File is deleted
        M       File is moved
        u       Backing fs is unmounted
        o       Event queue overflowed
        x       File can&#39;t be watched anymore
If watching a directory:

        m       Subfile is moved into dir
        y       Subfile is moved out of dir
        n       Subfile is created
        d       Subfile is deleted</code></pre>

<p>inotifyd waits for PROG to exit. When x event happens for all FILEs, inotifyd exits.</p>

</dd>
<dt id="insmod"><b>insmod</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>insmod &#x6587;&#x4EF6; [SYMBOL=VALUE]...</p>

<p>Load the specified kernel modules into the kernel</p>

</dd>
<dt id="install"><b>install</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>install [-cdDsp] [-o USER] [-g GRP] [-m MODE] [SOURCE]... DEST</p>

<p>Copy files and set attributes</p>

<pre><code>        -c      &#x53EA;&#x590D;&#x5236;(&#x9ED8;&#x8BA4;)
        -d      &#x521B;&#x5EFA;&#x6587;&#x4EF6;&#x5939;
        -D      &#x521B;&#x5EFA;&#x76EE;&#x6807;&#x76EE;&#x5F55;&#x7684;&#x6240;&#x6709;&#x5FC5;&#x8981;&#x7684;&#x7236;&#x76EE;&#x5F55;
        -s      &#x62C6;&#x89E3;&#x7B26;&#x53F7;&#x8868;
        -p      &#x4FEE;&#x6539;&#x6E90;&#x6587;&#x4EF6;&#x7684;&#x8BBF;&#x95EE;/&#x4FEE;&#x6539;&#x65F6;&#x95F4;&#x4EE5;&#x4E0E;&#x76EE;&#x6807;&#x6587;&#x4EF6;&#x4FDD;&#x6301;&#x4E00;&#x81F4;
        -o USER &#x81EA;&#x884C;&#x8BBE;&#x7F6E;&#x6240;&#x6709;&#x8005;
        -g GRP  &#x81EA;&#x884C;&#x8BBE;&#x7F6E;&#x6240;&#x5C5E;&#x7EC4;
        -m MODE &#x81EA;&#x884C;&#x8BBE;&#x7F6E;&#x6743;&#x9650;&#x6A21;&#x5F0F;</code></pre>

</dd>
<dt id="iostat"><b>iostat</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>iostat [-c] [-d] [-t] [-z] [-k|-m] [ALL|BLOCKDEV...] [INTERVAL [COUNT]]</p>

<p>Report CPU and I/O statistics</p>

<pre><code>        -c      Show CPU utilization
        -d      Show device utilization
        -t      Print current time
        -z      Omit devices with no activity
        -k      Use kb/s
        -m      Use Mb/s</code></pre>

</dd>
<dt id="ip"><b>ip</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>ip [OPTIONS] {address | route | link | tunnel | rule} {COMMAND}</p>

<p>ip [OPTIONS] OBJECT {COMMAND} where OBJECT := {address | route | link | tunnel | rule} OPTIONS := { -f[amily] { inet | inet6 | link } | -o[neline] }</p>

</dd>
<dt id="ipaddr"><b>ipaddr</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>ipaddr { {add|del} IFADDR dev STRING | {show|flush} [dev STRING] [to PREFIX] }</p>

<p>ipaddr {add|delete} IFADDR dev STRING ipaddr {show|flush} [dev STRING] [scope SCOPE-ID] [to PREFIX] [label PATTERN] IFADDR := PREFIX | ADDR peer PREFIX [broadcast ADDR] [anycast ADDR] [label STRING] [scope SCOPE-ID] SCOPE-ID := [host | link | global | NUMBER]</p>

</dd>
<dt id="ipcalc"><b>ipcalc</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>ipcalc [OPTIONS] ADDRESS[[/]NETMASK] [NETMASK]</p>

<p>Calculate IP network settings from a IP address</p>

<pre><code>        -b      Display calculated broadcast address
        -n      Display calculated network address
        -m      Display default netmask for IP
        -p      Display the prefix for IP/NETMASK
        -h      Display first resolved host name
        -s      Don&#39;t ever display error messages</code></pre>

</dd>
<dt id="iplink"><b>iplink</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>iplink { set DEVICE { up | down | arp { on | off } | show [DEVICE] }</p>

<p>iplink set DEVICE { up | down | arp | multicast { on | off } | dynamic { on | off } | mtu MTU } iplink show [DEVICE]</p>

</dd>
<dt id="iproute"><b>iproute</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>iproute { list | flush | add | del | change | append | replace | test } ROUTE</p>

<p>iproute { list | flush } SELECTOR iproute get ADDRESS [from ADDRESS iif STRING] [oif STRING] [tos TOS] iproute { add | del | change | append | replace | test } ROUTE SELECTOR := [root PREFIX] [match PREFIX] [proto RTPROTO] ROUTE := [TYPE] PREFIX [tos TOS] [proto RTPROTO] [metric METRIC]</p>

</dd>
<dt id="iprule"><b>iprule</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>iprule {[list | add | del] RULE}</p>

<p>iprule [list | add | del] SELECTOR ACTION SELECTOR := [from PREFIX] [to PREFIX] [tos TOS] [fwmark FWMARK] [dev STRING] [pref NUMBER] ACTION := [table TABLE_ID] [nat ADDRESS] [prohibit | reject | unreachable] [realms [SRCREALM/]DSTREALM] TABLE_ID := [local | main | default | NUMBER]</p>

</dd>
<dt id="iptunnel"><b>iptunnel</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>iptunnel { add | change | del | show } [NAME] [mode { ipip | gre | sit }] [remote ADDR] [local ADDR] [ttl TTL]</p>

<p>iptunnel { add | change | del | show } [NAME] [mode { ipip | gre | sit }] [remote ADDR] [local ADDR] [[i|o]seq] [[i|o]key KEY] [[i|o]csum] [ttl TTL] [tos TOS] [[no]pmtudisc] [dev PHYS_DEV]</p>

</dd>
<dt id="kill"><b>kill</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>kill [-l] [-SIG] PID...</p>

<p>Send a signal (default: TERM) to given PIDs</p>

<pre><code>        -l      &#x5217;&#x51FA; all signal names and numbers</code></pre>

</dd>
<dt id="killall"><b>killall</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>killall [-l] [-q] [-SIG] PROCESS_NAME...</p>

<p>Send a signal (default: TERM) to given processes</p>

<pre><code>        -l      &#x5217;&#x51FA; all signal names and numbers
        -q      Don&#39;t complain if no processes were killed</code></pre>

</dd>
<dt id="killall5"><b>killall5</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>killall5 [-l] [-SIG] [-o PID]...</p>

<p>Send a signal (default: TERM) to all processes outside current session</p>

<pre><code>        -l      &#x5217;&#x51FA; all signal names and numbers
        -o PID  Don&#39;t signal this PID</code></pre>

</dd>
<dt id="klogd"><b>klogd</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>klogd [-c N] [-n]</p>

<p>Kernel logger</p>

<pre><code>        -c N    Print to console messages more urgent than prio N (1-8)
        -n      Run in foreground</code></pre>

</dd>
<dt id="less"><b>less</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>less [-EMmNh~I?] [&#x6587;&#x4EF6;]...</p>

<p>View &#x6587;&#x4EF6; (or stdin) one screenful at a time</p>

<pre><code>        -E      Quit once the end of a file is reached
        -M,-m   Display status line with line numbers
                and percentage through the file
        -N      Prefix line number to each line
        -I      Ignore case in all searches
        -~      Suppress ~s displayed past EOF</code></pre>

</dd>
<dt id="ln"><b>ln</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>ln [OPTIONS] TARGET... LINK|&#x76EE;&#x5F55;</p>

<p>&#x4E3A;&#x76EE;&#x6807;&#x6587;&#x4EF6;&#x521B;&#x5EFA;&#x6307;&#x5B9A;&#x7684;&#x94FE;&#x63A5;&#x6587;&#x4EF6;</p>

<pre><code>        -s      &#x521B;&#x5EFA;&#x7B26;&#x53F7;&#x94FE;&#x63A5;&#x800C;&#x975E;&#x786C;&#x94FE;&#x63A5;
        -f      &#x5F3A;&#x884C;&#x5220;&#x9664;&#x4EFB;&#x4F55;&#x5DF2;&#x5B58;&#x5728;&#x7684;&#x76EE;&#x6807;&#x6587;&#x4EF6;
        -n      &#x5C06;&#x8BE5;&#x5DF2;&#x5B58;&#x5728;&#x7684;&#x94FE;&#x63A5;&#x5907;&#x4EFD;&#x6216;&#x5220;&#x9664;
        -b      &#x4E3A;&#x6BCF;&#x4E2A;&#x5DF2;&#x5B58;&#x5728;&#x7684;&#x76EE;&#x6807;&#x6587;&#x4EF6;&#x521B;&#x5EFA;&#x5907;&#x4EFD;&#x6587;&#x4EF6;
        -S suf  &#x81EA;&#x884C;&#x6307;&#x5B9A;&#x5907;&#x4EFD;&#x6587;&#x4EF6;&#x7684;&#x540E;&#x7F00;
        -T      &#x5C06;&#x94FE;&#x63A5;&#x540D;&#x79F0;&#x5F53;&#x4F5C;&#x666E;&#x901A;&#x6587;&#x4EF6;
        -v      &#x8BE6;&#x7EC6;</code></pre>

</dd>
<dt id="losetup"><b>losetup</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>losetup [-r] [-o OFS] {-f|LOOPDEV} &#x6587;&#x4EF6; - associate loop devices losetup -d LOOPDEV - disassociate losetup -a - show status losetup -f - show next free loop device</p>

<pre><code>        -o OFS  Start OFS bytes into &#x6587;&#x4EF6;
        -r      Read-only
        -f      Show/use next free loop device</code></pre>

</dd>
<dt id="lpd"><b>lpd</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>lpd SPOOLDIR [HELPER [ARGS]]</p>

<p>SPOOLDIR must contain (symlinks to) device nodes or directories with names matching print queue names. In the first case, jobs are sent directly to the device. Otherwise each job is stored in queue directory and HELPER program is called. Name of file to print is passed in $DATAFILE variable. Example:</p>

<pre><code>        tcpsvd -E 0 515 softlimit -m 999999 lpd /var/spool ./print</code></pre>

</dd>
<dt id="lpq"><b>lpq</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>lpq [-P queue[@host[:port]]] [-U USERNAME] [-d JOBID]... [-fs]</p>

<pre><code>        -P      lp service to connect to (else uses $PRINTER)
        -d      Delete jobs
        -f      &#x5F3A;&#x884C; any waiting job to be printed
        -s      Short display</code></pre>

</dd>
<dt id="lpr"><b>lpr</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>lpr -P queue[@host[:port]] -U USERNAME -J TITLE -Vmh [&#x6587;&#x4EF6;]...</p>

<pre><code>        -P      lp service to connect to (else uses $PRINTER)
        -m      Send mail on completion
        -h      Print banner page too
        -V      &#x8BE6;&#x7EC6;</code></pre>

</dd>
<dt id="ls"><b>ls</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>ls [-1AaCxdLHRFplinsehrSXvctu] [-w WIDTH] [&#x6587;&#x4EF6;]...</p>

<p>&#x5217;&#x51FA; directory contents</p>

<pre><code>        -1      &#x6BCF;&#x884C;&#x53EA;&#x5217;&#x51FA;&#x4E00;&#x4E2A;&#x6587;&#x4EF6;
        -a      &#x4E0D;&#x9690;&#x85CF;&#x4EFB;&#x4F55;&#x4EE5;. &#x5F00;&#x59CB;&#x7684;&#x9879;&#x76EE;
        -A      &#x5217;&#x51FA;&#x9664;. &#x53CA;.. &#x4EE5;&#x5916;&#x7684;&#x4EFB;&#x4F55;&#x9879;&#x76EE;
        -C      &#x6BCF;&#x680F;&#x7531;&#x4E0A;&#x81F3;&#x4E0B;&#x5217;&#x51FA;&#x9879;&#x76EE;
        -x      &#x9010;&#x884C;&#x5217;&#x51FA;&#x9879;&#x76EE;&#x800C;&#x4E0D;&#x662F;&#x9010;&#x680F;&#x5217;&#x51FA;
        -d      &#x5F53;&#x9047;&#x5230;&#x76EE;&#x5F55;&#x65F6;&#x5217;&#x51FA;&#x76EE;&#x5F55;&#x672C;&#x8EAB;&#x800C;&#x975E;&#x76EE;&#x5F55;&#x5185;&#x7684;&#x6587;&#x4EF6;
        -L      &#x663E;&#x793A;&#x7B26;&#x53F7;&#x94FE;&#x63A5;&#x6240;&#x6307;&#x793A;
        -H      &#x547D;&#x4EE4;&#x884C;&#x4E2D;&#x663E;&#x793A;&#x7B26;&#x53F7;&#x94FE;&#x63A5;&#x6240;&#x6307;&#x793A;
        -R      &#x9012;&#x5F52;&#x5217;&#x51FA;&#x6587;&#x4EF6;
        -p      &#x5728;&#x76EE;&#x5F55;&#x540E;&#x6DFB;&#x52A0; /
        -F      &#x52A0;&#x4E0A;&#x6587;&#x4EF6;&#x7C7B;&#x578B;&#x7684;&#x6307;&#x793A;&#x7B26;&#x53F7;(*/=@| &#x5176;&#x4E2D;&#x4E00;&#x4E2A;)
        -l      &#x4F7F;&#x7528;&#x8F83;&#x957F;&#x683C;&#x5F0F;&#x5217;&#x51FA;&#x4FE1;&#x606F;
        -i      &#x663E;&#x793A;&#x6BCF;&#x4E2A;&#x6587;&#x4EF6;&#x7684; inode &#x53F7;
        -n      &#x7C7B;&#x4F3C; -l&#xFF0C;&#x4F46;&#x5217;&#x51FA;UID &#x53CA;GID &#x53F7;
        -s      &#x4EE5;&#x5757;&#x6570;&#x5F62;&#x5F0F;&#x663E;&#x793A;&#x6BCF;&#x4E2A;&#x6587;&#x4EF6;&#x5206;&#x914D;&#x7684;&#x5C3A;&#x5BF8;
        -e      &#x5217;&#x51FA;&#x5B8C;&#x6574;&#x7684;&#x65F6;&#x95F4;&#x548C;&#x65E5;&#x671F;
        -h      &#x4F7F;&#x7528;&#x53EF;&#x8BFB;&#x6027;&#x66F4;&#x9AD8;&#x7684;&#x5927;&#x5C0F;&#x683C;&#x5F0F;(1K 243M 2G)
        -r      &#x9006;&#x5E8F;&#x6392;&#x5217;
        -S      &#x6839;&#x636E;&#x6587;&#x4EF6;&#x5927;&#x5C0F;&#x6392;&#x5E8F;
        -X      &#x6839;&#x636E;&#x6269;&#x5C55;&#x540D;&#x6392;&#x5E8F;
        -v      &#x5728;&#x6587;&#x672C;&#x4E2D;&#x8FDB;&#x884C;&#x6570;&#x5B57;(&#x7248;&#x672C;)&#x7684;&#x81EA;&#x7136;&#x6392;&#x5E8F;
        -c      &#x540C;-l&#x4E00;&#x8D77;&#x4F7F;&#x7528;&#xFF1A;&#x663E;&#x793A;&#x521B;&#x5EFA;&#x65F6;&#x95F4;&#x5E76;&#x6309;&#x6587;&#x4EF6;&#x540D;&#x6392;&#x5E8F;
        -t      &#x540C;-l&#x4E00;&#x8D77;&#x4F7F;&#x7528;&#xFF1A;&#x663E;&#x793A;&#x66F4;&#x6539;&#x65F6;&#x95F4;&#x5E76;&#x6309;&#x6587;&#x4EF6;&#x540D;&#x6392;&#x5E8F;
        -u      &#x540C;-l&#x4E00;&#x8D77;&#x4F7F;&#x7528;&#xFF1A;&#x663E;&#x793A;&#x8BBF;&#x95EE;&#x65F6;&#x95F4;&#x5E76;&#x6309;&#x6587;&#x4EF6;&#x540D;&#x6392;&#x5E8F;
        -w N    &#x81EA;&#x884C;&#x6307;&#x5B9A;&#x8424;&#x5E55;&#x5BBD;&#x5EA6;&#x800C;&#x4E0D;&#x4F7F;&#x7528;&#x76EE;&#x524D;&#x7684;&#x6570;&#x503C;
        --color[={always,never,auto}]   &#x8BBE;&#x7F6E;&#x4F7F;&#x7528;&#x989C;&#x8272;&#x7684;&#x65F6;&#x673A;</code></pre>

</dd>
<dt id="lsattr"><b>lsattr</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>lsattr [-Radlv] [&#x6587;&#x4EF6;]...</p>

<p>&#x5217;&#x51FA; file attributes on an ext2 fs</p>

<pre><code>        -R      Recurse
        -a      Don&#39;t hide entries starting with .
        -d      &#x5217;&#x51FA; directory entries instead of contents
        -l      &#x5217;&#x51FA; long flag names
        -v      &#x5217;&#x51FA; the file&#39;s version/generation number</code></pre>

</dd>
<dt id="lsmod"><b>lsmod</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>lsmod</p>

<p>&#x5217;&#x51FA; the currently loaded kernel modules</p>

</dd>
<dt id="lsof"><b>lsof</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>lsof</p>

<p>Show all open files</p>

</dd>
<dt id="lspci"><b>lspci</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>lspci [-mk]</p>

<p>&#x5217;&#x51FA; all PCI devices</p>

<pre><code>        -m      Parsable output
        -k      Show driver</code></pre>

</dd>
<dt id="lzcat"><b>lzcat</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>lzcat [&#x6587;&#x4EF6;]...</p>

<p>&#x89E3;&#x538B;&#x5230;&#x6807;&#x51C6;&#x8F93;&#x51FA;</p>

</dd>
<dt id="lzma"><b>lzma</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>lzma -d [-cf] [&#x6587;&#x4EF6;]...</p>

<p>&#x89E3;&#x538B; &#x6587;&#x4EF6; (or stdin)</p>

<pre><code>        -d      &#x89E3;&#x538B;
        -c      &#x5199;&#x5230;&#x5230;&#x6807;&#x51C6;&#x8F93;&#x51FA;
        -f      &#x5F3A;&#x884C;</code></pre>

</dd>
<dt id="lzop"><b>lzop</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>lzop [-cfvd123456789CF] [&#x6587;&#x4EF6;]...</p>

<pre><code>        -1..9   &#x538B;&#x7F29;&#x7B49;&#x7EA7;
        -d      &#x89E3;&#x538B;
        -c      &#x5199;&#x5230;&#x5230;&#x6807;&#x51C6;&#x8F93;&#x51FA;
        -f      &#x5F3A;&#x884C;
        -v      &#x8BE6;&#x7EC6;
        -F      &#x4E0D;&#x5B58;&#x50A8;&#x6216;&#x68C0;&#x67E5;&#x6821;&#x68C0;&#x7801;
        -C      &#x540C;&#x65F6;&#x5199;&#x51FA;&#x6587;&#x4EF6;&#x5757;&#x7684;&#x6821;&#x68C0;&#x7801;</code></pre>

</dd>
<dt id="lzopcat"><b>lzopcat</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>lzopcat [-vCF] [&#x6587;&#x4EF6;]...</p>

<pre><code>        -v      &#x8BE6;&#x7EC6;
        -F      &#x4E0D;&#x5B58;&#x50A8;&#x6216;&#x68C0;&#x67E5;&#x6821;&#x68C0;&#x7801;</code></pre>

</dd>
<dt id="makedevs"><b>makedevs</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>makedevs [-d device_table] rootdir</p>

<p>Create a range of special files as specified in a device table. Device table entries take the form of:</p>

<p>&lt;name&gt; &lt;type&gt; &lt;mode&gt; &lt;uid&gt; &lt;gid&gt; &lt;major&gt; &lt;minor&gt; &lt;start&gt; &lt;inc&gt; &lt;count&gt; Where name is the file name, type can be one of: f Regular file d Directory c Character device b Block device p Fifo (named pipe) uid is the user id for the target file, gid is the group id for the target file. The rest of the entries (major, minor, etc) apply to to device special files. A &#39;-&#39; may be used for blank entries.</p>

</dd>
<dt id="man"><b>man</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>man [-aw] [MANPAGE]...</p>

<p>Format and display manual page</p>

<pre><code>        -a      Display all pages
        -w      Show page locations</code></pre>

</dd>
<dt id="md5sum"><b>md5sum</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>md5sum [-c[sw]] [&#x6587;&#x4EF6;]...</p>

<p>Print or check MD5 checksums</p>

<pre><code>        -c      &#x4ECE;&#x6587;&#x4EF6;&#x4E2D;&#x8BFB;&#x53D6;MD5 &#x7684;&#x6821;&#x9A8C;&#x503C;&#x5E76;&#x4E88;&#x4EE5;&#x68C0;&#x67E5;
        -s      &#x4E0D;&#x8F93;&#x51FA;&#x4EFB;&#x4F55;&#x5185;&#x5BB9;&#xFF0C;&#x4F7F;&#x7528;&#x9000;&#x51FA;&#x72B6;&#x6001;&#x53F7;&#x663E;&#x793A;&#x6210;&#x529F;
        -w      &#x5BF9;&#x683C;&#x5F0F;&#x4E0D;&#x51C6;&#x786E;&#x7684;&#x6821;&#x9A8C;&#x548C;&#x884C;&#x8FDB;&#x884C;&#x8B66;&#x544A;</code></pre>

</dd>
<dt id="mkdir"><b>mkdir</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>mkdir [OPTIONS] DIRECTORY...</p>

<p>&#x82E5;&#x6307;&#x5B9A;&#x76EE;&#x5F55;&#x4E0D;&#x5B58;&#x5728;&#x5219;&#x521B;&#x5EFA;&#x76EE;&#x5F55;</p>

<pre><code>        -m MODE &#x8BBE;&#x7F6E;&#x6743;&#x9650;&#x6A21;&#x5F0F;
        -p      &#x9700;&#x8981;&#x65F6;&#x521B;&#x5EFA;&#x76EE;&#x6807;&#x76EE;&#x5F55;&#x7684;&#x4E0A;&#x5C42;&#x76EE;&#x5F55;&#xFF0C;&#x4F46;&#x5373;&#x4F7F;&#x8FD9;&#x4E9B;&#x76EE;&#x5F55;&#x5DF2;&#x5B58;&#x5728;&#x4E5F;&#x4E0D;&#x5F53;&#x4F5C;&#x9519;&#x8BEF;&#x5904;&#x7406;</code></pre>

</dd>
<dt id="mkdosfs"><b>mkdosfs</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>mkdosfs [-v] [-n LABEL] BLOCKDEV [KBYTES]</p>

<p>Make a FAT32 filesystem</p>

<pre><code>        -v      &#x8BE6;&#x7EC6;
        -n LBL  Volume label</code></pre>

</dd>
<dt id="mke2fs"><b>mke2fs</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>mke2fs [-Fn] [-b BLK_SIZE] [-i INODE_RATIO] [-I INODE_SIZE] [-m RESERVED_PERCENT] [-L LABEL] BLOCKDEV [KBYTES]</p>

<pre><code>        -b BLK_SIZE     Block size, bytes
        -F              &#x5F3A;&#x884C;
        -i RATIO        Max number of files is filesystem_size / RATIO
        -I BYTES        Inode size (min 128)
        -L LBL          Volume label
        -m PERCENT      Percent of blocks to reserve for admin
        -n              Dry run</code></pre>

</dd>
<dt id="mkfifo"><b>mkfifo</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>mkfifo [-m MODE] NAME</p>

<p>&#x4EE5;&#x6307;&#x5B9A;&#x7684;&#x540D;&#x79F0;&#x521B;&#x5EFA;&#x5148;&#x8FDB;&#x5148;&#x51FA;&#x6587;&#x4EF6;</p>

<pre><code>        -m MODE &#x8BBE;&#x7F6E;&#x6743;&#x9650;&#x6A21;&#x5F0F; (&#x9ED8;&#x8BA4; a=rw)</code></pre>

</dd>
<dt id="mkfs.ext2"><b>mkfs.ext2</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>mkfs.ext2 [-Fn] [-b BLK_SIZE] [-i INODE_RATIO] [-I INODE_SIZE] [-m RESERVED_PERCENT] [-L LABEL] BLOCKDEV [KBYTES]</p>

<pre><code>        -b BLK_SIZE     Block size, bytes
        -F              &#x5F3A;&#x884C;
        -i RATIO        Max number of files is filesystem_size / RATIO
        -I BYTES        Inode size (min 128)
        -L LBL          Volume label
        -m PERCENT      Percent of blocks to reserve for admin
        -n              Dry run</code></pre>

</dd>
<dt id="mkfs.minix"><b>mkfs.minix</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>mkfs.minix [-c | -l &#x6587;&#x4EF6;] [-nXX] [-iXX] BLOCKDEV [KBYTES]</p>

<p>Make a MINIX filesystem</p>

<pre><code>        -c              Check device for bad blocks
        -n [14|30]      Maximum length of filenames
        -i INODES       Number of inodes for the filesystem
        -l &#x6587;&#x4EF6;           Read bad blocks list from &#x6587;&#x4EF6;
        -v              Make version 2 filesystem</code></pre>

</dd>
<dt id="mkfs.vfat"><b>mkfs.vfat</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>mkfs.vfat [-v] [-n LABEL] BLOCKDEV [KBYTES]</p>

<p>Make a FAT32 filesystem</p>

<pre><code>        -v      &#x8BE6;&#x7EC6;
        -n LBL  Volume label</code></pre>

</dd>
<dt id="mknod"><b>mknod</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>mknod [-m MODE] NAME TYPE MAJOR MINOR</p>

<p>&#x521B;&#x5EFA;&#x6307;&#x5B9A;&#x7C7B;&#x578B;&#x548C;&#x540D;&#x79F0;&#x7684;&#x7279;&#x6B8A;&#x6587;&#x4EF6;</p>

<pre><code>        -m MODE &#x8BBE;&#x7F6E;&#x6743;&#x9650;&#x6A21;&#x5F0F; (&#x9ED8;&#x8BA4; a=rw)
TYPE:
        b       &#x521B;&#x5EFA;(&#x6709;&#x7F13;&#x51B2;&#x7684;)&#x533A;&#x5757;&#x7279;&#x6B8A;&#x6587;&#x4EF6;
        c or u  &#x521B;&#x5EFA;(&#x6CA1;&#x6709;&#x7F13;&#x51B2;&#x7684;)&#x5B57;&#x7B26;&#x7279;&#x6B8A;&#x6587;&#x4EF6;
        p       &#x521B;&#x5EFA;&#x5148;&#x8FDB;&#x5148;&#x51FA;(FIFO)&#x7279;&#x6B8A;&#x6587;&#x4EF6;</code></pre>

</dd>
<dt id="mkswap"><b>mkswap</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>mkswap [-L LBL] BLOCKDEV [KBYTES]</p>

<p>Prepare BLOCKDEV to be used as swap partition</p>

<pre><code>        -L LBL  Label</code></pre>

</dd>
<dt id="mktemp"><b>mktemp</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>mktemp [-dt] [-p &#x76EE;&#x5F55;] [TEMPLATE]</p>

<p>&#x5B89;&#x5168;&#x5730;&#x521B;&#x5EFA;&#x4E00;&#x4E2A;&#x4E34;&#x65F6;&#x6587;&#x4EF6;&#x6216;&#x76EE;&#x5F55;&#xFF0C;&#x5E76;&#x4E14;&#x6253;&#x8F93;&#x51FA;&#x5B83;&#x7684;&#x540D;&#x5B57;. TEMPLATE &#x6700;&#x540E;&#x90E8;&#x5206;&#x5FC5;&#x987B;&#x542B;&#x6709; XXXXXX (&#x7C7B;&#x4F3C; [/dir/]nameXXXXXX). &#x5982;&#x679C; TEMPLATE &#x6CA1;&#x6709;&#x6307;&#x5B9A;&#xFF0C;&#x5C06;&#x4F1A;&#x4F7F;&#x7528; tmp.XXXXXX.</p>

<pre><code>        -d      &#x521B;&#x5EFA;&#x4E00;&#x4E2A;&#x76EE;&#x5F55;&#x800C;&#x975E;&#x6587;&#x4EF6;
        -q      &#x4E0D;&#x663E;&#x793A;&#x4EFB;&#x4F55;&#x6709;&#x5173;&#x6587;&#x4EF6;&#x6216;&#x76EE;&#x5F55;&#x521B;&#x5EFA;&#x9519;&#x8BEF;&#x4FE1;&#x606F;
        -t      &#x628A; TEMPLATE &#x76F8;&#x5BF9;&#x4E8E;&#x76EE;&#x5F55;$TMPDIR &#x4F5C;&#x4E3A;&#x5355;&#x72EC;&#x7684;&#x6587;&#x4EF6;&#x540D;
        -p &#x76EE;&#x5F55;   &#x4F7F;&#x7528; &#x76EE;&#x5F55; &#x4F5C;&#x4E3A;&#x76EE;&#x5F55;&#x540D;, &#x9690;&#x5F0F;&#x5B9E;&#x73B0; -t(&#x5DF2;&#x5E9F;&#x9664;)
        -u      &#x4E0D;&#x521B;&#x5EFA;&#x4EFB;&#x4F55;&#x4E1C;&#x897F;&#xFF0C;&#x4EC5;&#x6253;&#x5370;&#x51FA;&#x540D;&#x5B57;</code></pre>

<p>&#x57FA;&#x7840;&#x76EE;&#x5F55;: -p &#x76EE;&#x5F55;, &#x6216;&#x8005; $TMPDIR, &#x6216;&#x8005; /data/local/tmp</p>

</dd>
<dt id="modinfo"><b>modinfo</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>modinfo [-adlp0] [-F keyword] MODULE</p>

<pre><code>        -a              Shortcut for &#39;-F author&#39;
        -d              Shortcut for &#39;-F description&#39;
        -l              Shortcut for &#39;-F license&#39;
        -p              Shortcut for &#39;-F parm&#39;
        -F keyword      Keyword to look for
        -0              Separate output with NULs</code></pre>

</dd>
<dt id="modprobe"><b>modprobe</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>modprobe [-qfwrsv] MODULE [symbol=value]...</p>

<pre><code>        -r      Remove MODULE (stacks) or do autoclean
        -q      Quiet
        -v      &#x8BE6;&#x7EC6;
        -f      &#x5F3A;&#x884C;
        -w      Wait for unload
        -s      Report via syslog instead of stderr</code></pre>

</dd>
<dt id="more"><b>more</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>more [&#x6587;&#x4EF6;]...</p>

<p>View &#x6587;&#x4EF6; (or stdin) one screenful at a time</p>

</dd>
<dt id="mount"><b>mount</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>mount [OPTIONS] [-o OPTS] DEVICE NODE</p>

<p>Mount a filesystem. Filesystem autodetection requires /proc.</p>

<pre><code>        -a              Mount all filesystems in fstab
        -f              Dry run
        -v              &#x8BE6;&#x7EC6;
        -r              Read-only mount
        -w              Read-write mount (default)
        -t FSTYPE[,...] Filesystem type(s)
        -O OPT          Mount only filesystems with option OPT (-a only)
-o OPT:
        loop            Ignored (loop devices are autodetected)
        [a]sync         Writes are [a]synchronous
        [no]atime       Disable/enable updates to inode access times
        [no]diratime    Disable/enable atime updates to directories
        [no]relatime    Disable/enable atime updates relative to modification time
        [no]dev         (Dis)allow use of special device files
        [no]exec        (Dis)allow use of executable files
        [no]suid        (Dis)allow set-user-id-root programs
        [r]shared       Convert [recursively] to a shared subtree
        [r]slave        Convert [recursively] to a slave subtree
        [r]private      Convert [recursively] to a private subtree
        [un]bindable    Make mount point [un]able to be bind mounted
        [r]bind         Bind a file or directory [recursively] to another location
        move            Relocate an existing mount point
        remount         Remount a mounted filesystem, changing flags
        ro/rw           Same as -r/-w</code></pre>

<p>There are filesystem-specific -o flags.</p>

</dd>
<dt id="mountpoint"><b>mountpoint</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>mountpoint [-q] &lt;[-dn] &#x76EE;&#x5F55; | -x DEVICE&gt;</p>

<p>Check if the directory is a mountpoint</p>

<pre><code>        -q      Quiet
        -d      Print major/minor device number of the filesystem
        -n      Print device name of the filesystem
        -x      Print major/minor device number of the blockdevice</code></pre>

</dd>
<dt id="mpstat"><b>mpstat</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>mpstat [-A] [-I SUM|CPU|ALL|SCPU] [-u] [-P num|ALL] [INTERVAL [COUNT]]</p>

<p>Per-processor statistics</p>

<pre><code>        -A                      Same as -I ALL -u -P ALL
        -I SUM|CPU|ALL|SCPU     Report interrupt statistics
        -P num|ALL              Processor to monitor
        -u                      Report CPU utilization</code></pre>

</dd>
<dt id="mv"><b>mv</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>mv [-fin] SOURCE DEST or: mv [-fin] SOURCE... DIRECTORY</p>

<p>&#x5C06;&#x6E90;&#x6587;&#x4EF6;&#x91CD;&#x547D;&#x540D;&#x4E3A;&#x76EE;&#x6807;&#x6587;&#x4EF6;&#xFF0C;&#x6216;&#x5C06;&#x6E90;&#x6587;&#x4EF6;&#x79FB;&#x52A8;&#x81F3;&#x6307;&#x5B9A;&#x76EE;&#x5F55;</p>

<pre><code>        -f      &#x8986;&#x76D6;&#x524D;&#x4E0D;&#x8BE2;&#x95EE;
        -i      &#x8986;&#x76D6;&#x524D;&#x8BE2;&#x95EE;
        -n      &#x4E0D;&#x8986;&#x76D6;&#x5DF2;&#x5B58;&#x5728;&#x6587;&#x4EF6;</code></pre>

</dd>
<dt id="nanddump"><b>nanddump</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>nanddump [-o] [--bb=padbad|skipbad] [-s ADDR] [-l LEN] [-f FILE] MTD_DEVICE</p>

<p>Dump MTD_DEVICE</p>

<pre><code>  -o  Dump oob data
  -s ADDR Start address
  -l LEN  Length
  -f FILE Dump to file (&#39;-&#39; for stdout)
  --bb=METHOD:
    skipbad: skip bad blocks
    padbad: substitute bad blocks by 0xff (default)</code></pre>

</dd>
<dt id="nbd-client"><b>nbd-client</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>nbd-client HOST PORT BLOCKDEV</p>

<p>Connect to HOST and provide a network block device on BLOCKDEV</p>

</dd>
<dt id="nc"><b>nc</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>nc [-iN] [-wN] [-l] [-p PORT] [-f &#x6587;&#x4EF6;|IPADDR PORT] [-e PROG]</p>

<p>Open a pipe to IP:PORT or &#x6587;&#x4EF6;</p>

<pre><code>        -l      &#x5217;&#x51FA;en mode, for inbound connects
                (use -ll with -e for persistent server)
        -p PORT Local port
        -w SEC  Connect timeout
        -i SEC  Delay interval for lines sent
        -f &#x6587;&#x4EF6;   Use file (ala /dev/ttyS0) instead of network
        -e PROG Run PROG after connect</code></pre>

</dd>
<dt id="netstat"><b>netstat</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>netstat [-ral] [-tuwx] [-enWp]</p>

<p>Display networking information</p>

<pre><code>        -r      Routing table
        -a      All sockets
        -l      &#x5217;&#x51FA;ening sockets
                Else: connected sockets
        -t      TCP sockets
        -u      UDP sockets
        -w      Raw sockets
        -x      Unix sockets
                Else: all socket types
        -e      Other/more information
        -n      Don&#39;t resolve names
        -W      Wide display
        -p      Show PID/program name for sockets</code></pre>

</dd>
<dt id="nice"><b>nice</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>nice [-n ADJUST] [PROG ARGS]</p>

<p>Change scheduling priority, run PROG</p>

<pre><code>        -n ADJUST       Adjust priority by ADJUST</code></pre>

</dd>
<dt id="nmeter"><b>nmeter</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>nmeter [-d MSEC] FORMAT_STRING</p>

<p>Monitor system in real time</p>

<pre><code> -d MSEC        Milliseconds between updates (default:1000)</code></pre>

<p>Format specifiers:</p>

<pre><code> %Nc or %[cN]   CPU. N - bar size (default:10)
                (displays: S:system U:user N:niced D:iowait I:irq i:softirq)
 %[nINTERFACE]  Network INTERFACE
 %m             Allocated memory
 %[mf]          Free memory
 %[mt]          Total memory
 %s             Allocated swap
 %f             Number of used file descriptors
 %Ni            Total/specific IRQ rate
 %x             Context switch rate
 %p             Forks
 %[pn]          # of processes
 %b             Block io
 %Nt            Time (with N decimal points)
 %r             Print &lt;cr&gt; instead of &lt;lf&gt; at EOL</code></pre>

</dd>
<dt id="nohup"><b>nohup</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>nohup PROG ARGS</p>

<p>Run PROG immune to hangups, with output to a non-tty</p>

</dd>
<dt id="od"><b>od</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>od [-abcdfhilovxs] [-t TYPE] [-A RADIX] [-N &#x5927;&#x5C0F;] [-j SKIP] [-S MINSTR] [-w WIDTH] [&#x6587;&#x4EF6;]...</p>

<p>Print FILEs (or stdin) unambiguously, as octal bytes by default</p>

</dd>
<dt id="patch"><b>patch</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>patch [OPTIONS] [ORIGFILE [PATCHFILE]]</p>

<pre><code>        -p,--strip N            Strip N leading components from file names
        -i,--input DIFF         Read DIFF instead of stdin
        -R,--reverse            Reverse patch
        -N,--forward            Ignore already applied patches
        -E,--remove-empty-files Remove output files if they become empty</code></pre>

</dd>
<dt id="pgrep"><b>pgrep</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>pgrep [-flnovx] [-s SID|-P PPID|PATTERN]</p>

<p>Display process(es) selected by regex PATTERN</p>

<pre><code>        -l      Show command name too
        -f      Match against entire command line
        -n      Show the newest process only
        -o      Show the oldest process only
        -v      Negate the match
        -x      Match whole name (not substring)
        -s      Match session ID (0 for current)
        -P      Match parent process ID</code></pre>

</dd>
<dt id="pidof"><b>pidof</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>pidof [OPTIONS] [NAME]...</p>

<p>&#x5217;&#x51FA; PIDs of all processes with names that match NAMEs</p>

<pre><code>        -s      Show only one PID
        -o PID  Omit given pid
                Use %PPID to omit pid of pidof&#39;s parent</code></pre>

</dd>
<dt id="ping"><b>ping</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>ping [OPTIONS] HOST</p>

<p>Send ICMP ECHO_REQUEST packets to network hosts</p>

<pre><code>        -c CNT          Send only CNT pings
        -s &#x5927;&#x5C0F;           Send &#x5927;&#x5C0F; data bytes in packets (default:56)
        -t TTL          Set TTL
        -I IFACE/IP     Use interface or IP address as source
        -W SEC          Seconds to wait for the first response (default:10)
                        (after all -c CNT packets are sent)
        -w SEC          Seconds until ping exits (default:infinite)
                        (can exit earlier with -c CNT)
        -q              Quiet, only displays output at start
                        and when finished</code></pre>

</dd>
<dt id="pkill"><b>pkill</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>pkill [-l|-SIGNAL] [-fnovx] [-s SID|-P PPID|PATTERN]</p>

<p>Send a signal to process(es) selected by regex PATTERN</p>

<pre><code>        -l      &#x5217;&#x51FA; all signals
        -f      Match against entire command line
        -n      Signal the newest process only
        -o      Signal the oldest process only
        -v      Negate the match
        -x      Match whole name (not substring)
        -s      Match session ID (0 for current)
        -P      Match parent process ID</code></pre>

</dd>
<dt id="pmap"><b>pmap</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>pmap [-xq] PID</p>

<p>Display detailed process memory usage</p>

<pre><code>        -x      Show details
        -q      Quiet</code></pre>

</dd>
<dt id="powertop"><b>powertop</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>powertop</p>

<p>Analyze power consumption on Intel-based laptops</p>

</dd>
<dt id="printenv"><b>printenv</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>printenv [VARIABLE]...</p>

<p>Print environment VARIABLEs. If no VARIABLE specified, print all.</p>

</dd>
<dt id="printf"><b>printf</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>printf FORMAT [ARG]...</p>

<p>Format and print ARG(s) according to FORMAT (a-la C printf)</p>

</dd>
<dt id="ps"><b>ps</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>ps [-o COL1,COL2=HEADER] [-T]</p>

<p>Show list of processes</p>

<pre><code>        -o COL1,COL2=HEADER     Select columns for display
        -T                      Show threads</code></pre>

</dd>
<dt id="pscan"><b>pscan</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>pscan [-cb] [-p MIN_PORT] [-P MAX_PORT] [-t TIMEOUT] [-T MIN_RTT] HOST</p>

<p>Scan a host, print all open ports</p>

<pre><code>        -c      Show closed ports too
        -b      Show blocked ports too
        -p      Scan from this port (default 1)
        -P      Scan up to this port (default 1024)
        -t      Timeout (default 5000 ms)
        -T      Minimum rtt (default 5 ms, increase for congested hosts)</code></pre>

</dd>
<dt id="pstree"><b>pstree</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>pstree [-p] [PID|USER]</p>

<p>Display process tree, optionally start from USER or PID</p>

<pre><code>        -p      Show pids</code></pre>

</dd>
<dt id="pwd"><b>pwd</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>pwd</p>

<p>Print the full filename of the current working directory</p>

</dd>
<dt id="pwdx"><b>pwdx</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>pwdx PID...</p>

<p>Show current directory for PIDs</p>

</dd>
<dt id="raidautorun"><b>raidautorun</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>raidautorun DEVICE</p>

<p>Tell the kernel to automatically search and start RAID arrays</p>

</dd>
<dt id="rdev"><b>rdev</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>rdev</p>

<p>Print the device node associated with the filesystem mounted at &#39;/&#39;</p>

</dd>
<dt id="readlink"><b>readlink</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>readlink [-fnv] &#x6587;&#x4EF6;</p>

<p>&#x8F93;&#x51FA;&#x7B26;&#x53F7;&#x94FE;&#x63A5;&#x503C;&#x6216;&#x89C4;&#x8303;&#x6587;&#x4EF6;&#x540D;</p>

<pre><code>        -f      &#x9012;&#x5F52;&#x7684;&#x8DDF;&#x968F;&#x7ED9;&#x5B9A;&#x6587;&#x4EF6;&#x540D;&#x7684;&#x6240;&#x6709;&#x7B26;&#x53F7;&#x94FE;&#x63A5;&#x4EE5;&#x89C4;&#x8303;&#x5316;
        -n      &#x4E0D;&#x8F93;&#x51FA;&#x5C3E;&#x968F;&#x7684;&#x65B0;&#x884C;
        -v      &#x8BE6;&#x7EC6;</code></pre>

</dd>
<dt id="readprofile"><b>readprofile</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>readprofile [OPTIONS]</p>

<pre><code>        -m mapfile      (Default: /boot/System.map)
        -p profile      (Default: /proc/profile)
        -M NUM          Set the profiling multiplier to NUM
        -i              Print only info about the sampling step
        -v              &#x8BE6;&#x7EC6;
        -a              Print all symbols, even if count is 0
        -b              Print individual histogram-bin counts
        -s              Print individual counters within functions
        -r              Reset all the counters (root only)
        -n              Disable byte order auto-detection</code></pre>

</dd>
<dt id="realpath"><b>realpath</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>realpath &#x6587;&#x4EF6;...</p>

<p>Return the absolute pathnames of given &#x6587;&#x4EF6;</p>

</dd>
<dt id="renice"><b>renice</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>renice {{-n INCREMENT} | PRIORITY} [[-p | -g | -u] ID...]</p>

<p>Change scheduling priority for a running process</p>

<pre><code>        -n      Adjust current nice value (smaller is faster)
        -p      Process id(s) (default)
        -g      Process group id(s)
        -u      Process user name(s) and/or id(s)</code></pre>

</dd>
<dt id="reset"><b>reset</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>reset</p>

<p>&#x6062;&#x590D;&#x5C4F;&#x5E55;&#x521D;&#x59CB;&#x72B6;&#x6001;</p>

</dd>
<dt id="resize"><b>resize</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>resize</p>

<p>&#x91CD;&#x65B0;&#x8C03;&#x6574;&#x5C4F;&#x5E55;&#x5927;&#x5C0F;</p>

</dd>
<dt id="rev"><b>rev</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>rev [&#x6587;&#x4EF6;]...</p>

<p>Reverse lines of &#x6587;&#x4EF6;</p>

</dd>
<dt id="rm"><b>rm</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>rm [-irf] &#x6587;&#x4EF6;...</p>

<p>&#x5220;&#x9664; (unlink) &#x6587;&#x4EF6;</p>

<pre><code>        -i      &#x5728;&#x5220;&#x9664;&#x524D;&#x9700;&#x8981;&#x786E;&#x8BA4;
        -f      &#x5F3A;&#x5236;&#x5220;&#x9664;
        -R,-r   &#x9012;&#x5F52;&#x5220;&#x9664;&#x76EE;&#x5F55;&#x53CA;&#x5176;&#x5185;&#x5BB9;</code></pre>

</dd>
<dt id="rmdir"><b>rmdir</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>rmdir [OPTIONS] DIRECTORY...</p>

<p>Remove DIRECTORY if it is empty</p>

<pre><code>        -p|--parents    Include parents
        --ignore-fail-on-non-empty</code></pre>

</dd>
<dt id="rmmod"><b>rmmod</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>rmmod [-wfa] [MODULE]...</p>

<p>Unload kernel modules</p>

<pre><code>        -w      Wait until the module is no longer used
        -f      &#x5F3A;&#x884C; unload
        -a      Remove all unused modules (recursively)</code></pre>

</dd>
<dt id="route"><b>route</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>route [{add|del|delete}]</p>

<p>Edit kernel routing tables</p>

<pre><code>        -n      Don&#39;t resolve names
        -e      Display other/more information
        -A inet Select address family</code></pre>

</dd>
<dt id="rpm"><b>rpm</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>rpm -i PACKAGE.rpm; rpm -qp[ildc] PACKAGE.rpm</p>

<p>Manipulate RPM packages</p>

<p>Commands:</p>

<pre><code>        -i      &#x5B89;&#x88C5;&#x8F6F;&#x4EF6;&#x5305;
        -qp     &#x67E5;&#x8BE2;&#x8F6F;&#x4EF6;&#x5305;
        -qpi    &#x663E;&#x793A;&#x4FE1;&#x606F;
        -qpl    &#x5217;&#x51FA;&#x5185;&#x5BB9;
        -qpd    &#x5217;&#x51FA;&#x6587;&#x6863;
        -qpc    &#x5217;&#x51FA;&#x914D;&#x7F6E;&#x6587;&#x4EF6;</code></pre>

</dd>
<dt id="rpm2cpio"><b>rpm2cpio</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>rpm2cpio package.rpm</p>

<p>Output a cpio archive of the rpm file</p>

</dd>
<dt id="rtcwake"><b>rtcwake</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>rtcwake [-a | -l | -u] [-d DEV] [-m MODE] [-s SEC | -t TIME]</p>

<p>Enter a system sleep state until specified wakeup time</p>

<pre><code>        -a,--auto       Read clock mode from adjtime
        -l,--local      Clock is set to local time
        -u,--utc        Clock is set to UTC time
        -d,--device=DEV Specify the RTC device
        -m,--mode=MODE  Set the sleep state (default: standby)
        -s,--seconds=SEC Set the timeout in SEC seconds from now
        -t,--time=TIME  Set the timeout to TIME seconds from epoch</code></pre>

</dd>
<dt id="run-parts"><b>run-parts</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>run-parts [-a ARG]... [-u UMASK] [--reverse] [--test] [--exit-on-error] [--list] DIRECTORY</p>

<p>Run a bunch of scripts in DIRECTORY</p>

<pre><code>        -a ARG          Pass ARG as argument to scripts
        -u UMASK        Set UMASK before running scripts
        --reverse       Reverse execution order
        --test          Dry run
        --exit-on-error Exit if a script exits with non-zero
        --list          Print names of matching files even if they are not executable</code></pre>

</dd>
<dt id="runsv"><b>runsv</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>runsv &#x76EE;&#x5F55;</p>

<p>Start and monitor a service and optionally an appendant log service</p>

</dd>
<dt id="runsvdir"><b>runsvdir</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>runsvdir [-P] [-s SCRIPT] &#x76EE;&#x5F55;</p>

<p>Start a runsv process for each subdirectory. If it exits, restart it.</p>

<pre><code>        -P              Put each runsv in a new session
        -s SCRIPT       Run SCRIPT &lt;signo&gt; after signal is processed</code></pre>

</dd>
<dt id="rx"><b>rx</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>rx &#x6587;&#x4EF6;</p>

<p>Receive a file using the xmodem protocol</p>

</dd>
<dt id="script"><b>script</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>script [-afqt] [-c PROG] [OUTFILE]</p>

<pre><code>        -a      Append output
        -c PROG Run PROG, not shell
        -f      Flush output after each write
        -q      Quiet
        -t      Send timing to stderr</code></pre>

</dd>
<dt id="scriptreplay"><b>scriptreplay</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>scriptreplay timingfile [typescript [divisor]]</p>

<p>Play back typescripts, using timing information</p>

</dd>
<dt id="sed"><b>sed</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>sed [-inrE] [-f &#x6587;&#x4EF6;]... [-e CMD]... [&#x6587;&#x4EF6;]... or: sed [-inrE] CMD [&#x6587;&#x4EF6;]...</p>

<pre><code>        -e CMD  &#x6DFB;&#x52A0; &#x811A;&#x672C; &#x5230;&#x7A0B;&#x5E8F;&#x7684;&#x8FD0;&#x884C;&#x5217;&#x8868;
        -f &#x6587;&#x4EF6;   &#x6DFB;&#x52A0; &#x811A;&#x672C;&#x6587;&#x4EF6; &#x5230;&#x7A0B;&#x5E8F;&#x7684;&#x8FD0;&#x884C;&#x5217;&#x8868;
        -i[SFX] &#x76F4;&#x63A5;&#x4FEE;&#x6539;&#x6587;&#x4EF6;(&#x5982;&#x679C;&#x6307;&#x5B9A;&#x6269;&#x5C55;&#x540D;&#x5C31;&#x5907;&#x4EFD;&#x6587;&#x4EF6;)
        -n      &#x53D6;&#x6D88;&#x81EA;&#x52A8;&#x6253;&#x5370;&#x6A21;&#x5F0F;&#x7A7A;&#x95F4;
        -r,-E   &#x5728;&#x811A;&#x672C;&#x4E2D;&#x4F7F;&#x7528;&#x6269;&#x5C55;&#x6B63;&#x5219;&#x8868;&#x8FBE;&#x5F0F;</code></pre>

<p>&#x5982;&#x679C;&#x6CA1;&#x6709; -e &#x6216; -f, &#x90A3;&#x4E48;&#x7B2C;&#x4E00;&#x4E2A;&#x975E;&#x9009;&#x9879;&#x53C2;&#x6570;&#x88AB;&#x89C6;&#x4E3A; sed &#x811A;&#x672C;. &#x5176;&#x4ED6;&#x975E;&#x9009;&#x9879;&#x53C2;&#x6570;&#x88AB;&#x89C6;&#x4E3A;&#x8F93;&#x5165;&#x6587;&#x4EF6;&#xFF0C;&#x5982;&#x679C;&#x6CA1;&#x6709;&#x8F93;&#x5165;&#x6587;&#x4EF6;&#xFF0C; &#x90A3;&#x4E48;&#x7A0B;&#x5E8F;&#x5C06;&#x4ECE;&#x6807;&#x51C6;&#x8F93;&#x5165;&#x8BFB;&#x53D6;&#x6570;&#x636E;.</p>

</dd>
<dt id="seq"><b>seq</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>seq [-w] [-s SEP] [FIRST [INC]] LAST</p>

<p>Print numbers from FIRST to LAST, in steps of INC. FIRST, INC default to 1.</p>

<pre><code>        -w      Pad to last with leading zeros
        -s SEP  String separator</code></pre>

</dd>
<dt id="setserial"><b>setserial</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>setserial [-gabGvzV] DEVICE [PARAMETER [ARG]]...</p>

<p>Request or set Linux serial port information</p>

<pre><code>        -g      Interpret parameters as list of devices for reporting
        -a      Print all available information
        -b      Print summary information
        -G      Print in form which can be fed back
                to setserial as command line parameters
        -z      Zero out serial flags before setting
        -v      &#x8BE6;&#x7EC6;</code></pre>

<p>Parameters: (* = takes an argument, ^ = can be turned off by preceding ^) *port, *irq, *divisor, *uart, *baud_base, *close_delay, *closing_wait, ^fourport, ^auto_irq, ^skip_test, ^sak, ^session_lockout, ^pgrp_lockout, ^callout_nohup, ^split_termios, ^hup_notify, ^low_latency, autoconfig, spd_normal, spd_hi, spd_vhi, spd_shi, spd_warp, spd_cust</p>

<p>UART types:</p>

<pre><code>        unknown, 8250, 16450, 16550, 16550A, Cirrus, 16650, 16650V2, 16750,
        16950, 16954, 16654, 16850, RSA, NS16550A, XSCALE, RM9000, OCTEON, AR7,
        U6_16550A</code></pre>

</dd>
<dt id="setsid"><b>setsid</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>setsid PROG ARGS</p>

<p>Run PROG in a new session. PROG will have no controlling terminal and will not be affected by keyboard signals (Ctrl-C etc). See setsid(2) for details.</p>

</dd>
<dt id="setuidgid"><b>setuidgid</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>setuidgid USER PROG ARGS</p>

<p>Set uid and gid to USER&#39;s uid and gid, drop supplementary group ids, run PROG</p>

</dd>
<dt id="sha1sum"><b>sha1sum</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>sha1sum [-c[sw]] [&#x6587;&#x4EF6;]...</p>

<p>Print or check SHA1 checksums</p>

<pre><code>        -c      Check sums against list in FILEs
        -s      Don&#39;t output anything, status code shows success
        -w      Warn about improperly formatted checksum lines</code></pre>

</dd>
<dt id="sha256sum"><b>sha256sum</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>sha256sum [-c[sw]] [&#x6587;&#x4EF6;]...</p>

<p>Print or check SHA256 checksums</p>

<pre><code>        -c      Check sums against list in FILEs
        -s      Don&#39;t output anything, status code shows success
        -w      Warn about improperly formatted checksum lines</code></pre>

</dd>
<dt id="sha3sum"><b>sha3sum</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>sha3sum [-c[sw]] [&#x6587;&#x4EF6;]...</p>

<p>Print or check SHA3-512 checksums</p>

<pre><code>        -c      Check sums against list in FILEs
        -s      Don&#39;t output anything, status code shows success
        -w      Warn about improperly formatted checksum lines</code></pre>

</dd>
<dt id="sha512sum"><b>sha512sum</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>sha512sum [-c[sw]] [&#x6587;&#x4EF6;]...</p>

<p>Print or check SHA512 checksums</p>

<pre><code>        -c      Check sums against list in FILEs
        -s      Don&#39;t output anything, status code shows success
        -w      Warn about improperly formatted checksum lines</code></pre>

</dd>
<dt id="shuf"><b>shuf</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>shuf [-e|-i L-H] [-n NUM] [-o FILE] [-z] [FILE|ARG...]</p>

<p>Randomly permute lines</p>

<pre><code>  -e  Treat ARGs as lines
  -i L-H  Treat numbers L-H as lines
  -n NUM  Output at most NUM lines
  -o FILE Write to FILE, not standard output
  -z  End lines with zero byte, not newline</code></pre>

</dd>
<dt id="sleep"><b>sleep</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>sleep [N]...</p>

<p>Pause for a time equal to the total of the args given, where each arg can have an optional suffix of (s)econds, (m)inutes, (h)ours, or (d)ays</p>

</dd>
<dt id="smemcap"><b>smemcap</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>smemcap &gt;SMEMDATA.TAR</p>

<p>Collect memory usage data in /proc and write it to stdout</p>

</dd>
<dt id="softlimit"><b>softlimit</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>softlimit [-a BYTES] [-m BYTES] [-d BYTES] [-s BYTES] [-l BYTES] [-f BYTES] [-c BYTES] [-r BYTES] [-o N] [-p N] [-t N] PROG ARGS</p>

<p>Set soft resource limits, then run PROG</p>

<pre><code>        -a BYTES        Limit total size of all segments
        -m BYTES        Same as -d BYTES -s BYTES -l BYTES -a BYTES
        -d BYTES        Limit data segment
        -s BYTES        Limit stack segment
        -l BYTES        Limit locked memory size
        -o N            Limit number of open files per process
        -p N            Limit number of processes per uid
Options controlling file sizes:

        -f BYTES        Limit output file sizes
        -c BYTES        Limit core file size
Efficiency opts:

        -r BYTES        Limit resident set size
        -t N            Limit CPU time, process receives
                        a SIGXCPU after N seconds</code></pre>

</dd>
<dt id="sort"><b>sort</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>sort [-nrugMcszbdfimSTokt] [-o &#x6587;&#x4EF6;] [-k start[.offset][opts][,end[.offset][opts]] [-t CHAR] [&#x6587;&#x4EF6;]...</p>

<p>Sort lines of text</p>

<pre><code>        -b      Ignore leading blanks
        -c      Check whether input is sorted
        -d      Dictionary order (blank or alphanumeric only)
        -f      Ignore case
        -g      General numerical sort
        -i      Ignore unprintable characters
        -k      Sort key
        -M      Sort month
        -n      Sort numbers
        -o      Output to file
        -k      Sort by key
        -t CHAR Key separator
        -r      Reverse sort order
        -s      Stable (don&#39;t sort ties alphabetically)
        -u      Suppress duplicate lines
        -z      Lines are terminated by NUL, not newline
        -mST    Ignored for GNU compatibility</code></pre>

</dd>
<dt id="split"><b>split</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>split [OPTIONS] [INPUT [PREFIX]]</p>

<pre><code>        -b N[k|m]       Split by N (kilo|mega)bytes
        -l N            Split by N lines
        -a N            Use N letters as suffix</code></pre>

</dd>
<dt id="start-stop-daemon"><b>start-stop-daemon</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>start-stop-daemon [OPTIONS] [-S|-K] ... [-- ARGS...]</p>

<p>Search for matching processes, and then -K: stop all matching processes. -S: start a process unless a matching process is found.</p>

<p>Process matching:</p>

<pre><code>        -u,--user USERNAME|UID  Match only this user&#39;s processes
        -n,--name NAME          Match processes with NAME
                                in comm field in /proc/PID/stat
        -x,--exec EXECUTABLE    Match processes with this command
                                in /proc/PID/{exe,cmdline}
        -p,--pidfile &#x6587;&#x4EF6; Match a process with PID from the file
        All specified conditions must match
-S only:
        -x,--exec EXECUTABLE    Program to run
        -a,--startas NAME       Zeroth argument
        -b,--background         Background
        -N,--nicelevel N        Change nice level
        -c,--chuid USER[:[GRP]] Change to user/group
        -m,--make-pidfile       Write PID to the pidfile specified by -p
-K only:
        -s,--signal SIG         Signal to send
        -t,--test               Match only, exit with 0 if a process is found
Other:

        -o,--oknodo             Exit with status 0 if nothing is done
        -v,--verbose            &#x8BE6;&#x7EC6;
        -q,--quiet              Quiet</code></pre>

</dd>
<dt id="stat"><b>stat</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>stat [OPTIONS] &#x6587;&#x4EF6;...</p>

<p>&#x663E;&#x793A;&#x6587;&#x4EF6;&#x6216;&#x6587;&#x4EF6;&#x7CFB;&#x7EDF;&#x7684;&#x72B6;&#x6001;</p>

<pre><code>        -c fmt  &#x4F7F;&#x7528;&#x6307;&#x5B9A;&#x7684;&#x683C;&#x5F0F;
        -f      &#x663E;&#x793A;&#x6587;&#x4EF6;&#x7CFB;&#x7EDF;&#x72B6;&#x6001;&#x800C;&#x975E;&#x6587;&#x4EF6;&#x72B6;&#x6001;
        -L      &#x8DDF;&#x968F;&#x94FE;&#x63A5;
        -t      &#x4F7F;&#x7528;&#x7B80;&#x6D01;&#x683C;&#x5F0F;&#x8F93;&#x51FA;</code></pre>

<p>Valid format sequences for files:</p>

<pre><code> %a     &#x516B;&#x8FDB;&#x5236;&#x6743;&#x9650;
 %A     &#x7528;&#x53EF;&#x8BFB;&#x6027;&#x8F83;&#x597D;&#x7684;&#x65B9;&#x5F0F;&#x8F93;&#x51FA;&#x6743;&#x9650;
 %b     &#x8BA1;&#x7B97;&#x5DF2;&#x5206;&#x914D;&#x5757;&#x6570;(&#x53C2;&#x89C1;%B)
 %B     &#x4EE5;&#x5B57;&#x8282;&#x4E3A;&#x5355;&#x4F4D;&#x8F93;&#x51FA;%b &#x6240;&#x62A5;&#x544A;&#x7684;&#x6BCF;&#x4E2A;&#x5757;&#x7684;&#x5927;&#x5C0F;
 %d     &#x5341;&#x8FDB;&#x5236;&#x8BBE;&#x5907;&#x7F16;&#x53F7;
 %D     &#x5341;&#x516D;&#x8FDB;&#x5236;&#x8BBE;&#x5907;&#x7F16;&#x53F7;
 %f     &#x5341;&#x516D;&#x8FDB;&#x5236;&#x539F;&#x59CB;&#x6A21;&#x5F0F;
 %F     &#x6587;&#x4EF6;&#x7C7B;&#x578B;
 %g     &#x6587;&#x4EF6;&#x7684;&#x5C5E;&#x7EC4;ID
 %G     &#x6587;&#x4EF6;&#x7684;&#x5C5E;&#x7EC4;&#x7EC4;&#x540D;
 %h     &#x786C;&#x94FE;&#x63A5;&#x6570;&#x91CF;
 %i     Inode &#x7F16;&#x53F7;
 %n     &#x6587;&#x4EF6;&#x540D;
 %N     &#x5982;&#x679C;&#x5BF9;&#x8C61;&#x662F;&#x4E00;&#x4E2A;&#x7B26;&#x53F7;&#x94FE;&#x63A5;&#xFF0C;&#x663E;&#x793A;&#x5F15;&#x7528;&#x5230;&#x7684;&#x5176;&#x5B83;&#x6587;&#x4EF6;&#x540D;
 %o     I/O &#x5757;&#x5927;&#x5C0F;
 %s     &#x603B;&#x8BA1;&#x5927;&#x5C0F;&#xFF0C;&#x4EE5;&#x5B57;&#x8282;&#x4E3A;&#x5355;&#x4F4D;
 %t     &#x5341;&#x516D;&#x8FDB;&#x5236;&#x4E3B;&#x8BBE;&#x5907;&#x7C7B;&#x578B;
 %T     &#x5341;&#x516D;&#x8FDB;&#x5236;&#x5B50;&#x8BBE;&#x5907;&#x7C7B;&#x578B;
 %u     &#x6587;&#x4EF6;&#x7684;&#x5C5E;&#x4E3B;ID
 %U     &#x6587;&#x4EF6;&#x7684;&#x5C5E;&#x4E3B;&#x7528;&#x6237;&#x540D;
 %x     &#x4E0A;&#x6B21;&#x8BBF;&#x95EE;&#x65F6;&#x95F4;
 %X     &#x4ECE;UNIX &#x5143;&#x5E74;&#x8D77;&#x4EE5;&#x79D2;&#x8BA1;&#x7684;&#x4E0A;&#x6B21;&#x8BBF;&#x95EE;&#x65F6;&#x95F4;
 %y     &#x4E0A;&#x6B21;&#x4FEE;&#x6539;&#x65F6;&#x95F4;
 %Y     &#x4ECE;UNIX &#x5143;&#x5E74;&#x8D77;&#x4EE5;&#x79D2;&#x8BA1;&#x7684;&#x4E0A;&#x6B21;&#x4FEE;&#x6539;&#x65F6;&#x95F4;
 %z     &#x4E0A;&#x6B21;&#x66F4;&#x6539;&#x65F6;&#x95F4;
 %Z     &#x4ECE;UNIX &#x5143;&#x5E74;&#x8D77;&#x4EE5;&#x79D2;&#x8BA1;&#x7684;&#x4E0A;&#x6B21;&#x66F4;&#x6539;&#x65F6;&#x95F4;</code></pre>

<p>&#x6709;&#x6548;&#x7684;&#x6587;&#x4EF6;&#x7CFB;&#x7EDF;&#x683C;&#x5F0F;&#x5E8F;&#x5217;: %a &#x975E;&#x8D85;&#x7EA7;&#x7528;&#x6237;&#x53EF;&#x7528;&#x7684;&#x5269;&#x4F59;&#x5757;&#x6570; %b &#x6587;&#x4EF6;&#x7CFB;&#x7EDF;&#x7684;&#x603B;&#x6570;&#x636E;&#x5757;&#x6570; %c &#x6587;&#x4EF6;&#x7CFB;&#x7EDF;&#x4E2D;&#x6587;&#x4EF6;&#x8282;&#x70B9;&#x603B;&#x6570; %d &#x6587;&#x4EF6;&#x7CFB;&#x7EDF;&#x4E2D;&#x7A7A;&#x95F2;&#x6587;&#x4EF6;&#x8282;&#x70B9;&#x6570; %f &#x6587;&#x4EF6;&#x7CFB;&#x7EDF;&#x4E2D;&#x7A7A;&#x95F2;&#x5757;&#x6570; %i &#x5341;&#x516D;&#x8FDB;&#x5236;&#x6587;&#x4EF6;&#x7CFB;&#x7EDF;ID %l &#x5141;&#x8BB8;&#x7684;&#x6587;&#x4EF6;&#x540D;&#x6700;&#x5927;&#x957F;&#x5EA6; %n &#x6587;&#x4EF6;&#x540D; %s &#x5757;&#x5927;&#x5C0F;(&#x7528;&#x4E8E;&#x5FEB;&#x901F;&#x4F20;&#x8F93;) %S &#x57FA;&#x672C;&#x5757;&#x5927;&#x5C0F;(&#x7528;&#x4E8E;&#x5757;&#x8BA1;&#x6570;) %t &#x5341;&#x516D;&#x8FDB;&#x5236;&#x7C7B;&#x578B;&#x63CF;&#x8FF0; %T &#x53EF;&#x8BFB;&#x6027;&#x8F83;&#x597D;&#x7684;&#x7C7B;&#x578B;&#x63CF;&#x8FF0;</p>

</dd>
<dt id="strings"><b>strings</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>strings [-afo] [-n LEN] [&#x6587;&#x4EF6;]...</p>

<p>Display printable strings in a binary file</p>

<pre><code>        -a      Scan whole file (default)
        -f      Precede strings with filenames
        -n LEN  At least LEN characters form a string (default 4)
        -o      Precede strings with decimal offsets</code></pre>

</dd>
<dt id="stty"><b>stty</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>stty [-a|g] [-F DEVICE] [SETTING]...</p>

<p>Without arguments, prints baud rate, line discipline, and deviations from stty sane</p>

<pre><code>        -F DEVICE       Open device instead of stdin
        -a              Print all current settings in human-readable form
        -g              Print in stty-readable form
        [SETTING]       See manpage</code></pre>

</dd>
<dt id="sum"><b>sum</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>sum [-rs] [&#x6587;&#x4EF6;]...</p>

<p>Checksum and count the blocks in a file</p>

<pre><code>        -r      Use BSD sum algorithm (1K blocks)
        -s      Use System V sum algorithm (512byte blocks)</code></pre>

</dd>
<dt id="sv"><b>sv</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>sv [-v] [-w SEC] CMD SERVICE_DIR...</p>

<p>Control services monitored by runsv supervisor. Commands (only first character is enough):</p>

<p>status: query service status up: if service isn&#39;t running, start it. If service stops, restart it once: like &#39;up&#39;, but if service stops, don&#39;t restart it down: send TERM and CONT signals. If ./run exits, start ./finish if it exists. After it stops, don&#39;t restart service exit: send TERM and CONT signals to service and log service. If they exit, runsv exits too pause, cont, hup, alarm, interrupt, quit, 1, 2, term, kill: send STOP, CONT, HUP, ALRM, INT, QUIT, USR1, USR2, TERM, KILL signal to service</p>

</dd>
<dt id="svlogd"><b>svlogd</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>svlogd [-ttv] [-r C] [-R CHARS] [-l MATCHLEN] [-b BUFLEN] &#x76EE;&#x5F55;...</p>

<p>Continuously read log data from stdin and write to rotated log files in DIRs</p>

<p>&#x76EE;&#x5F55;/config file modifies behavior: sSIZE - when to rotate logs nNUM - number of files to retain !PROG - process rotated log with PROG +,-PATTERN - (de)select line for logging E,ePATTERN - (de)select line for stderr</p>

</dd>
<dt id="swapoff"><b>swapoff</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>swapoff [-a] [DEVICE]</p>

<p>Stop swapping on DEVICE</p>

<pre><code>        -a      Stop swapping on all swap devices</code></pre>

</dd>
<dt id="swapon"><b>swapon</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>swapon [-a] [DEVICE]</p>

<p>Start swapping on DEVICE</p>

<pre><code>        -a      Start swapping on all swap devices</code></pre>

</dd>
<dt id="switch_root"><b>switch_root</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>switch_root [-c /dev/console] NEW_ROOT NEW_INIT [ARGS]</p>

<p>Free initramfs and switch to another root fs:</p>

<p>chroot to NEW_ROOT, delete all in /, move NEW_ROOT to /, execute NEW_INIT. PID must be 1. NEW_ROOT must be a mountpoint.</p>

<pre><code>        -c DEV  Reopen stdio to DEV after switch</code></pre>

</dd>
<dt id="sync"><b>sync</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>sync</p>

<p>Write all buffered blocks to disk</p>

</dd>
<dt id="sysctl"><b>sysctl</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>sysctl [OPTIONS] [KEY[=VALUE]]...</p>

<p>Show/set kernel parameters</p>

<pre><code>        -e      Don&#39;t warn about unknown keys
        -n      Don&#39;t show key names
        -a      Show all values
        -w      Set values
        -p &#x6587;&#x4EF6;   Set values from &#x6587;&#x4EF6; (default /etc/sysctl.conf)
        -q      Set values silently</code></pre>

</dd>
<dt id="tac"><b>tac</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>tac [&#x6587;&#x4EF6;]...</p>

<p>Concatenate FILEs and print them in reverse</p>

</dd>
<dt id="tail"><b>tail</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>tail [OPTIONS] [&#x6587;&#x4EF6;]...</p>

<p>Print last 10 lines of each &#x6587;&#x4EF6; (or stdin) to stdout. With more than one &#x6587;&#x4EF6;, precede each with a filename header.</p>

<pre><code>        -f              Print data as file grows
        -s SECONDS      Wait SECONDS between reads with -f
        -n N[kbm]       Print last N lines
        -n +N[kbm]      Start on Nth line and print the rest
        -c [+]N[kbm]    Print last N bytes
        -q              Never print headers
        -v              Always print headers</code></pre>

<p>N may be suffixed by k (x1024), b (x512), or m (x1024^2).</p>

</dd>
<dt id="tar"><b>tar</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>tar -[cxtZzJjahmvO] [-X &#x6587;&#x4EF6;] [-T &#x6587;&#x4EF6;] [-f TARFILE] [-C &#x76EE;&#x5F55;] [&#x6587;&#x4EF6;]...</p>

<p>Create, extract, or list files from a tar file</p>

<p>Operation:</p>

<pre><code>        c       &#x521B;&#x5EFA;&#x538B;&#x7F29;&#x6587;&#x4EF6;
        x       &#x89E3;&#x538B;&#x538B;&#x7F29;&#x6587;&#x4EF6;
        t       &#x5217;&#x51FA;&#x538B;&#x7F29;&#x6587;&#x4EF6;&#x7684;&#x5185;&#x5BB9;
        f       &#x9700;&#x8981;&#x64CD;&#x4F5C;&#x7684;&#x6587;&#x4EF6;&#x540D;
                (&#39;-&#39; &#x8868;&#x793A;&#x4ECE;&#x6807;&#x51C6;&#x8F93;&#x5165;/&#x8F93;&#x51FA;)
        C       &#x89E3;&#x538B;&#x5230;&#x6307;&#x5B9A;&#x7684;&#x76EE;&#x5F55;
        v       &#x8BE6;&#x7EC6;
        Z       (&#x89E3;)&#x538B;&#x7F29;&#x4F7F;&#x7528; Z
        z       (&#x89E3;)&#x538B;&#x7F29;&#x4F7F;&#x7528; gzip
        J       (&#x89E3;)&#x538B;&#x7F29;&#x4F7F;&#x7528; xz
        j       (&#x89E3;)&#x538B;&#x7F29;&#x4F7F;&#x7528; bzip2
        a       (&#x89E3;)&#x538B;&#x7F29;&#x4F7F;&#x7528; lzma
        O       &#x89E3;&#x538B;&#x5230;&#x6807;&#x51C6;&#x8F93;&#x51FA;
        h       &#x9075;&#x5FAA;&#x7B26;&#x53F7;&#x94FE;&#x63A5;
        m       &#x4E0D;&#x4FDD;&#x7559;&#x539F;&#x59CB;&#x65F6;&#x95F4;
        &#x7279;&#x6B8A;&#x6587;&#x4EF6;&#x64CD;&#x4F5C;
        X       &#x6839;&#x636E;&#x6587;&#x4EF6;&#x540D;&#x6392;&#x9664;
        T       &#x6839;&#x636E;&#x6587;&#x4EF6;&#x540D;&#x5173;&#x8054;</code></pre>

</dd>
<dt id="tcpsvd"><b>tcpsvd</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>tcpsvd [-hEv] [-c N] [-C N[:MSG]] [-b N] [-u USER] [-l NAME] IP PORT PROG</p>

<p>Create TCP socket, bind to IP:PORT and listen for incoming connection. Run PROG for each connection.</p>

<pre><code>        IP              IP to listen on, 0 = all
        PORT            Port to listen on
        PROG ARGS       Program to run
        -l NAME         Local hostname (else looks up local hostname in DNS)
        -u USER[:GRP]   Change to user/group after bind
        -c N            Handle up to N connections simultaneously
        -b N            Allow a backlog of approximately N TCP SYNs
        -C N[:MSG]      Allow only up to N connections from the same IP
                        New connections from this IP address are closed
                        immediately. MSG is written to the peer before close
        -h              Look up peer&#39;s hostname
        -E              Don&#39;t set up environment variables
        -v              &#x8BE6;&#x7EC6;</code></pre>

</dd>
<dt id="tee"><b>tee</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>tee [-ai] [&#x6587;&#x4EF6;]...</p>

<p>Copy stdin to each &#x6587;&#x4EF6;, and also to stdout</p>

<pre><code>        -a      Append to the given FILEs, don&#39;t overwrite
        -i      Ignore interrupt signals (SIGINT)</code></pre>

</dd>
<dt id="telnet"><b>telnet</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>telnet [-a] [-l USER] HOST [PORT]</p>

<p>Connect to telnet server</p>

<pre><code>        -a      Automatic login with $USER variable
        -l USER Automatic login as USER</code></pre>

</dd>
<dt id="telnetd"><b>telnetd</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>telnetd [OPTIONS]</p>

<p>Handle incoming telnet connections</p>

<pre><code>        -l LOGIN        Exec LOGIN on connect
        -f ISSUE_FILE   Display ISSUE_FILE instead of /etc/issue
        -K              Close connection as soon as login exits
                        (normally wait until all programs close slave pty)
        -p PORT         Port to listen on
        -b ADDR[:PORT]  Address to bind to
        -F              Run in foreground
        -i              Inetd mode
        -w SEC          Inetd &#39;wait&#39; mode, linger time SEC
        -S              Log to syslog (implied by -i or without -F and -w)</code></pre>

</dd>
<dt id="test"><b>test</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>test EXPRESSION ]</p>

<p>Check file types, compare values etc. Return a 0/1 exit code depending on logical value of EXPRESSION</p>

</dd>
<dt id="tftp"><b>tftp</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>tftp [OPTIONS] HOST [PORT]</p>

<p>Transfer a file from/to tftp server</p>

<pre><code>        -l &#x6587;&#x4EF6;   Local &#x6587;&#x4EF6;
        -r &#x6587;&#x4EF6;   Remote &#x6587;&#x4EF6;
        -g      Get file
        -p      Put file
        -b &#x5927;&#x5C0F;   Transfer blocks of &#x5927;&#x5C0F; octets</code></pre>

</dd>
<dt id="tftpd"><b>tftpd</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>tftpd [-cr] [-u USER] [&#x76EE;&#x5F55;]</p>

<p>Transfer a file on tftp client&#39;s request</p>

<p>tftpd should be used as an inetd service. tftpd&#39;s line for inetd.conf: 69 dgram udp nowait root tftpd tftpd -l /files/to/serve It also can be ran from udpsvd:</p>

<pre><code>        udpsvd -vE 0.0.0.0 69 tftpd /files/to/serve

        -r      Prohibit upload
        -c      Allow file creation via upload
        -u      Access files as USER
        -l      Log to syslog (inetd mode requires this)</code></pre>

</dd>
<dt id="time"><b>time</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>time [-v] PROG ARGS</p>

<p>Run PROG, display resource usage when it exits</p>

<pre><code>        -v      &#x8BE6;&#x7EC6;</code></pre>

</dd>
<dt id="timeout"><b>timeout</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>timeout [-t SECS] [-s SIG] PROG ARGS</p>

<p>Runs PROG. Sends SIG to it if it is not gone in SECS seconds. Defaults: SECS: 10, SIG: TERM.</p>

</dd>
<dt id="top"><b>top</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>top [-b] [-nCOUNT] [-dSECONDS] [-m]</p>

<p>Provide a view of process activity in real time. Read the status of all processes from /proc each SECONDS and display a screenful of them. Keys:</p>

<pre><code>        N/M/P/T: show CPU usage, sort by pid/mem/cpu/time
        S: show memory
        R: reverse sort
        H: toggle threads, 1: toggle SMP
        Q,^C: exit</code></pre>

<p>Options:</p>

<pre><code>        -b      Batch mode
        -n N    Exit after N iterations
        -d N    Delay between updates
        -m      Same as &#39;s&#39; key</code></pre>

</dd>
<dt id="touch"><b>touch</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>touch [-c] [-d DATE] [-t DATE] [-r &#x6587;&#x4EF6;] &#x6587;&#x4EF6;...</p>

<p>Update the last-modified date on the given &#x6587;&#x4EF6;[s]</p>

<pre><code>        -c      Don&#39;t create files
        -d DT   Date/time to use
        -t DT   Date/time to use
        -r &#x6587;&#x4EF6;   Use &#x6587;&#x4EF6;&#39;s date/time</code></pre>

</dd>
<dt id="tr"><b>tr</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>tr [-cds] STRING1 [STRING2]</p>

<p>Translate, squeeze, or delete characters from stdin, writing to stdout</p>

<pre><code>        -c      Take complement of STRING1
        -d      Delete input characters coded STRING1
        -s      Squeeze multiple output characters of STRING2 into one character</code></pre>

</dd>
<dt id="traceroute"><b>traceroute</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>traceroute [-FIldnrv] [-f 1ST_TTL] [-m MAXTTL] [-p PORT] [-q PROBES] [-s SRC_IP] [-t TOS] [-w WAIT_SEC] [-g GATEWAY] [-i IFACE] [-z PAUSE_MSEC] HOST [BYTES]</p>

<p>Trace the route to HOST</p>

<pre><code>        -F      Set the don&#39;t fragment bit
        -I      Use ICMP ECHO instead of UDP datagrams
        -l      Display the TTL value of the returned packet
        -d      Set SO_DEBUG options to socket
        -n      Print numeric addresses
        -r      Bypass routing tables, send directly to HOST
        -v      &#x8BE6;&#x7EC6;
        -m      Max time-to-live (max number of hops)
        -p      Base UDP port number used in probes
                (default 33434)
        -q      Number of probes per TTL (default 3)
        -s      IP address to use as the source address
        -t      Type-of-service in probe packets (default 0)
        -w      Time in seconds to wait for a response (default 3)
        -g      Loose source route gateway (8 max)</code></pre>

</dd>
<dt id="true"><b>true</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>true</p>

<p>Return an exit code of TRUE (0)</p>

</dd>
<dt id="tty"><b>tty</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>tty</p>

<p>Print file name of stdin&#39;s terminal</p>

</dd>
<dt id="ttysize"><b>ttysize</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>ttysize [w] [h]</p>

<p>Print dimension(s) of stdin&#39;s terminal, on error return 80x25</p>

</dd>
<dt id="tunctl"><b>tunctl</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>tunctl [-f device] ([-t name] | -d name) [-u owner] [-g group] [-b]</p>

<p>Create or delete tun interfaces</p>

<pre><code>        -f name         tun device (/dev/net/tun)
        -t name         Create iface &#39;name&#39;
        -d name         Delete iface &#39;name&#39;
        -u owner        Set iface owner
        -g group        Set iface group
        -b              Brief output</code></pre>

</dd>
<dt id="tune2fs"><b>tune2fs</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>tune2fs [-c MAX_MOUNT_COUNT] [-i DAYS] [-C MOUNT_COUNT] [-L LABEL] BLOCKDEV</p>

<p>Adjust filesystem options on ext[23] filesystems</p>

</dd>
<dt id="udpsvd"><b>udpsvd</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>udpsvd [-hEv] [-c N] [-u USER] [-l NAME] IP PORT PROG</p>

<p>Create UDP socket, bind to IP:PORT and wait for incoming packets. Run PROG for each packet, redirecting all further packets with same peer ip:port to it.</p>

<pre><code>        IP              IP to listen on, 0 = all
        PORT            Port to listen on
        PROG ARGS       Program to run
        -l NAME         Local hostname (else looks up local hostname in DNS)
        -u USER[:GRP]   Change to user/group after bind
        -c N            Handle up to N connections simultaneously
        -h              Look up peer&#39;s hostname
        -E              Don&#39;t set up environment variables
        -v              &#x8BE6;&#x7EC6;</code></pre>

</dd>
<dt id="umount"><b>umount</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>umount [OPTIONS] FILESYSTEM|DIRECTORY</p>

<p>Unmount file systems</p>

<pre><code>        -a      Unmount all file systems
        -r      Try to remount devices as read-only if mount is busy
        -l      Lazy umount (detach filesystem)
        -f      &#x5F3A;&#x884C; umount (i.e., unreachable NFS server)
        -D      Don&#39;t free loop device even if it has been used</code></pre>

</dd>
<dt id="uname"><b>uname</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>uname [-amnrspvio]</p>

<p>Print system information</p>

<pre><code>  -a  Print all
  -m  The machine (hardware) type
  -n  Hostname
  -r  Kernel release
  -s  Kernel name (default)
  -p  Processor type
  -v  Kernel version
  -i  The hardware platform
  -o  OS name</code></pre>

</dd>
<dt id="uncompress"><b>uncompress</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>uncompress [-cf] [&#x6587;&#x4EF6;]...</p>

<p>&#x89E3;&#x538B; .Z file[s]</p>

<pre><code>        -c      &#x5199;&#x5230;&#x5230;&#x6807;&#x51C6;&#x8F93;&#x51FA;
        -f      &#x8986;&#x76D6;</code></pre>

</dd>
<dt id="unexpand"><b>unexpand</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>unexpand [-fa][-t N] [&#x6587;&#x4EF6;]...</p>

<p>&#x5C06;&#x6BCF;&#x4E2A;&#x6307;&#x5B9A;&#x6587;&#x4EF6;&#x4E2D;&#x7684;&#x7A7A;&#x767D;&#x5B57;&#x7B26;&#x8F6C;&#x6362;&#x4E3A;&#x5236;&#x8868;&#x7B26;&#x5E76;&#x5199;&#x5230;&#x6807;&#x51C6;&#x8F93;&#x51FA;</p>

<pre><code>        -a,--all        &#x8F6C;&#x6362;&#x6240;&#x6709;&#x7A7A;&#x683C;
        -f,--first-only &#x4EC5;&#x8F6C;&#x6362;&#x8D77;&#x59CB;&#x7A7A;&#x683C;
        -t,--tabs=N     &#x8BBE;&#x7F6E;&#x5236;&#x8868;&#x7B26;&#x5BBD;&#x5EA6;&#x4E3A;N</code></pre>

</dd>
<dt id="uniq"><b>uniq</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>uniq [-cdu][-f,s,w N] [INPUT [OUTPUT]]</p>

<p>Discard duplicate lines</p>

<pre><code>        -c      Prefix lines by the number of occurrences
        -d      Only print duplicate lines
        -u      Only print unique lines
        -f N    Skip first N fields
        -s N    Skip first N chars (after any skipped fields)
        -w N    Compare N characters in line</code></pre>

</dd>
<dt id="unix2dos"><b>unix2dos</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>unix2dos [-ud] [&#x6587;&#x4EF6;]</p>

<p>&#x5C06;&#x6587;&#x4EF6;&#x6362;&#x884C;&#x7B26;&#x4ECE; Unix &#x8F6C;&#x6362;&#x6210; Dos &#x683C;&#x5F0F;. &#x5982;&#x679C;&#x4E0D;&#x6307;&#x5B9A;&#x6587;&#x4EF6;, &#x9ED8;&#x8BA4;&#x4F7F;&#x7528;&#x6807;&#x51C6;&#x8F93;&#x5165;/&#x8F93;&#x51FA;</p>

<pre><code>        -u      Dos &#x8F6C; Unix
        -d      Unix &#x8F6C; Dos</code></pre>

</dd>
<dt id="unlink"><b>unlink</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>unlink FILE</p>

<p>Delete FILE by calling unlink()</p>

</dd>
<dt id="unlzma"><b>unlzma</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>unlzma [-cf] [&#x6587;&#x4EF6;]...</p>

<p>&#x89E3;&#x538B; &#x6587;&#x4EF6; (or stdin)</p>

<pre><code>        -c      &#x5199;&#x5230;&#x5230;&#x6807;&#x51C6;&#x8F93;&#x51FA;
        -f      &#x5F3A;&#x884C;</code></pre>

</dd>
<dt id="unlzop"><b>unlzop</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>unlzop [-cfvCF] [&#x6587;&#x4EF6;]...</p>

<pre><code>        -c      &#x5199;&#x5230;&#x5230;&#x6807;&#x51C6;&#x8F93;&#x51FA;
        -f      &#x5F3A;&#x884C;
        -v      &#x8BE6;&#x7EC6;
        -F      &#x4E0D;&#x5B58;&#x50A8;&#x6216;&#x68C0;&#x67E5;&#x6821;&#x68C0;&#x7801;</code></pre>

</dd>
<dt id="unxz"><b>unxz</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>unxz [-cf] [&#x6587;&#x4EF6;]...</p>

<p>&#x89E3;&#x538B; &#x6587;&#x4EF6; (or stdin)</p>

<pre><code>        -c      &#x5199;&#x5230;&#x5230;&#x6807;&#x51C6;&#x8F93;&#x51FA;
        -f      &#x5F3A;&#x884C;</code></pre>

</dd>
<dt id="unzip"><b>unzip</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>unzip [-lnopq] &#x6587;&#x4EF6;[.zip] [&#x6587;&#x4EF6;]... [-x &#x6587;&#x4EF6;...] [-d &#x76EE;&#x5F55;]</p>

<p>&#x4ECE; zip &#x89E3;&#x538B;&#x6587;&#x4EF6;</p>

<pre><code>        -l      &#x5217;&#x51FA;&#x5185;&#x5BB9;
        -n      &#x4E0D;&#x8986;&#x76D6; (&#x9ED8;&#x8BA4;: &#x8BE2;&#x95EE;)
        -o      &#x8986;&#x76D6;
        -p      &#x6253;&#x5370;&#x5230;&#x6807;&#x51C6;&#x8F93;&#x51FA;
        -q      &#x5B89;&#x9759;&#x6A21;&#x5F0F;
        -x &#x6587;&#x4EF6;   &#x89E3;&#x538B;&#x591A;&#x4E2A;&#x6587;&#x4EF6;
        -d &#x76EE;&#x5F55;   &#x89E3;&#x538B;&#x5230;&#x76EE;&#x5F55;</code></pre>

</dd>
<dt id="uptime"><b>uptime</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>uptime</p>

<p>Display the time since the last boot</p>

</dd>
<dt id="usleep"><b>usleep</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>usleep N</p>

<p>Pause for N microseconds</p>

</dd>
<dt id="uudecode"><b>uudecode</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>uudecode [-o OUTFILE] [INFILE]</p>

<p>Uudecode a file Finds OUTFILE in uuencoded source unless -o is given</p>

</dd>
<dt id="uuencode"><b>uuencode</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>uuencode [-m] [&#x6587;&#x4EF6;] STORED_FILENAME</p>

<p>Uuencode &#x6587;&#x4EF6; (or stdin) to stdout</p>

<pre><code>        -m      Use base64 encoding per RFC1521</code></pre>

</dd>
<dt id="vconfig"><b>vconfig</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>vconfig COMMAND [OPTIONS]</p>

<p>Create and remove virtual ethernet devices</p>

<pre><code>        add             IFACE VLAN_ID
        rem             VLAN_NAME
        set_flag        IFACE 0|1 VLAN_QOS
        set_egress_map  VLAN_NAME SKB_PRIO VLAN_QOS
        set_ingress_map VLAN_NAME SKB_PRIO VLAN_QOS
        set_name_type   NAME_TYPE</code></pre>

</dd>
<dt id="vi"><b>vi</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>vi [OPTIONS] [&#x6587;&#x4EF6;]...</p>

<p>Edit &#x6587;&#x4EF6;</p>

<pre><code>        -c CMD  Initial command to run ($EXINIT also available)
        -R      Read-only
        -H      &#x5217;&#x51FA; available features</code></pre>

</dd>
<dt id="volname"><b>volname</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>volname [DEVICE]</p>

<p>Show CD volume name of the DEVICE (default /dev/cdrom)</p>

</dd>
<dt id="watch"><b>watch</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>watch [-n SEC] [-t] PROG ARGS</p>

<p>Run PROG periodically</p>

<pre><code>        -n      Loop period in seconds (default 2)
        -t      Don&#39;t print header</code></pre>

</dd>
<dt id="wc"><b>wc</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>wc [-clwL] [&#x6587;&#x4EF6;]...</p>

<p>Count lines, words, and bytes for each &#x6587;&#x4EF6; (or stdin)</p>

<pre><code>        -c      Count bytes
        -l      Count newlines
        -w      Count words
        -L      Print longest line length</code></pre>

</dd>
<dt id="wget"><b>wget</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>wget [-c|--continue] [-s|--spider] [-q|--quiet] [-O|--output-document &#x6587;&#x4EF6;] [--header &#39;header: value&#39;] [-Y|--proxy on/off] [-P &#x76EE;&#x5F55;] [-U|--user-agent AGENT] [-T SEC] URL...</p>

<p>Retrieve files via HTTP or FTP</p>

<pre><code>        -s      Spider mode - only check file existence
        -c      Continue retrieval of aborted transfer
        -q      Quiet
        -P &#x76EE;&#x5F55;   Save to &#x76EE;&#x5F55; (default .)
        -T SEC  Network read timeout is SEC seconds
        -O &#x6587;&#x4EF6;   Save to &#x6587;&#x4EF6; (&#39;-&#39; for stdout)
        -U STR  Use STR for User-Agent header
        -Y      Use proxy (&#39;on&#39; or &#39;off&#39;)</code></pre>

</dd>
<dt id="which"><b>which</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>which [COMMAND]...</p>

<p>Locate a COMMAND</p>

</dd>
<dt id="whoami"><b>whoami</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>whoami</p>

<p>Print the user name associated with the current effective user id</p>

</dd>
<dt id="whois"><b>whois</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>whois [-h SERVER] [-p PORT] NAME...</p>

<p>Query WHOIS info about NAME</p>

<pre><code>        -h,-p   Server to query</code></pre>

</dd>
<dt id="xargs"><b>xargs</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>xargs [OPTIONS] [PROG ARGS]</p>

<p>Run PROG on every item given by stdin</p>

<pre><code>        -p      Ask user whether to run each command
        -r      Don&#39;t run command if input is empty
        -0      Input is separated by NUL characters
        -t      Print the command on stderr before execution
        -e[STR] STR stops input processing
        -n N    Pass no more than N args to PROG
        -s N    Pass command line of no more than N bytes
        -x      Exit if size is exceeded</code></pre>

</dd>
<dt id="xz"><b>xz</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>xz -d [-cf] [&#x6587;&#x4EF6;]...</p>

<p>&#x89E3;&#x538B; &#x6587;&#x4EF6; (or stdin)</p>

<pre><code>        -d      &#x89E3;&#x538B;
        -c      &#x5199;&#x5230;&#x5230;&#x6807;&#x51C6;&#x8F93;&#x51FA;
        -f      &#x5F3A;&#x884C;</code></pre>

</dd>
<dt id="xzcat"><b>xzcat</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>xzcat [&#x6587;&#x4EF6;]...</p>

<p>&#x89E3;&#x538B;&#x5230;&#x6807;&#x51C6;&#x8F93;&#x51FA;</p>

</dd>
<dt id="yes"><b>yes</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>yes [STRING]</p>

<p>Repeatedly output a line with STRING, or &#39;y&#39;</p>

</dd>
<dt id="zcat"><b>zcat</b></dt>
<dd>

<p>zcat [&#x6587;&#x4EF6;]...</p>

<p>&#x89E3;&#x538B;&#x5230;&#x6807;&#x51C6;&#x8F93;&#x51FA;</p>

</dd>
</dl>

<h1 id="LIBC-NSS">LIBC NSS</h1>

<p>GNU Libc (glibc) uses the Name Service Switch (NSS) to configure the behavior of the C library for the local environment, and to configure how it reads system data, such as passwords and group information. This is implemented using an /etc/nsswitch.conf configuration file, and using one or more of the /lib/libnss_* libraries. BusyBox tries to avoid using any libc calls that make use of NSS. Some applets however, such as login and su, will use libc functions that require NSS.</p>

<p>If you enable CONFIG_USE_BB_PWD_GRP, BusyBox will use internal functions to directly access the /etc/passwd, /etc/group, and /etc/shadow files without using NSS. This may allow you to run your system without the need for installing any of the NSS configuration files and libraries.</p>

<p>When used with glibc, the BusyBox &#39;networking&#39; applets will similarly require that you install at least some of the glibc NSS stuff (in particular, /etc/nsswitch.conf, /lib/libnss_dns*, /lib/libnss_files*, and /lib/libresolv*).</p>

<p>Shameless Plug: As an alternative, one could use a C library such as uClibc. In addition to making your system significantly smaller, uClibc does not require the use of any NSS support files or libraries.</p>

<h1 id="MAINTAINER">MAINTAINER</h1>

<p>Denis Vlasenko &lt;vda.linux@googlemail.com&gt;</p>

<h1 id="AUTHORS">AUTHORS</h1>

<p>The following people have contributed code to BusyBox whether they know it or not. If you have written code included in BusyBox, you should probably be listed here so you can obtain your bit of eternal glory. If you should be listed here, or the description of what you have done needs more detail, or is incorrect, please send in an update.</p>



<br>

<p>Emanuele Aina &lt;emanuele.aina@tiscali.it&gt; run-parts</p>



<br>

<p>Erik Andersen &lt;andersen@codepoet.org&gt;</p>

<pre><code>    Tons of new stuff, major rewrite of most of the
    core apps, tons of new apps as noted in header files.
    Lots of tedious effort writing these boring docs that
    nobody is going to actually read.</code></pre>



<br>

<p>Laurence Anderson &lt;l.d.anderson@warwick.ac.uk&gt;</p>

<pre><code>    rpm2cpio, unzip, get_header_cpio, read_gz interface, rpm</code></pre>



<br>

<p>Jeff Angielski &lt;jeff@theptrgroup.com&gt;</p>

<pre><code>    ftpput, ftpget</code></pre>



<br>

<p>Edward Betts &lt;edward@debian.org&gt;</p>

<pre><code>    expr, hostid, logname, whoami</code></pre>



<br>

<p>John Beppu &lt;beppu@codepoet.org&gt;</p>

<pre><code>    du, nslookup, sort</code></pre>



<br>

<p>Brian Candler &lt;B.Candler@pobox.com&gt;</p>

<pre><code>    tiny-ls(ls)</code></pre>



<br>

<p>Randolph Chung &lt;tausq@debian.org&gt;</p>

<pre><code>    fbset, ping, hostname</code></pre>



<br>

<p>Dave Cinege &lt;dcinege@psychosis.com&gt;</p>

<pre><code>    more(v2), makedevs, dutmp, modularization, auto links file,
    various fixes, Linux Router Project maintenance</code></pre>



<br>

<p>Jordan Crouse &lt;jordan@cosmicpenguin.net&gt;</p>

<pre><code>    ipcalc</code></pre>



<br>

<p>Magnus Damm &lt;damm@opensource.se&gt;</p>

<pre><code>    tftp client insmod powerpc support</code></pre>



<br>

<p>Larry Doolittle &lt;ldoolitt@recycle.lbl.gov&gt;</p>

<pre><code>    pristine source directory compilation, lots of patches and fixes.</code></pre>



<br>

<p>Glenn Engel &lt;glenne@engel.org&gt;</p>

<pre><code>    httpd</code></pre>



<br>

<p>Gennady Feldman &lt;gfeldman@gena01.com&gt;</p>

<pre><code>    Sysklogd (single threaded syslogd, IPC Circular buffer support,
    logread), various fixes.</code></pre>



<br>

<p>Karl M. Hegbloom &lt;karlheg@debian.org&gt;</p>

<pre><code>    cp_mv.c, the test suite, various fixes to utility.c, &amp;c.</code></pre>



<br>

<p>Daniel Jacobowitz &lt;dan@debian.org&gt;</p>

<pre><code>    mktemp.c</code></pre>



<br>

<p>Matt Kraai &lt;kraai@alumni.cmu.edu&gt;</p>

<pre><code>    documentation, bugfixes, test suite</code></pre>



<br>

<p>Stephan Linz &lt;linz@li-pro.net&gt;</p>

<pre><code>    ipcalc, Red Hat equivalence</code></pre>



<br>

<p>John Lombardo &lt;john@deltanet.com&gt;</p>

<pre><code>    tr</code></pre>



<br>

<p>Glenn McGrath &lt;bug1@iinet.net.au&gt;</p>

<pre><code>    Common unarchiving code and unarchiving applets, ifupdown, ftpgetput,
    nameif, sed, patch, fold, install, uudecode.
    Various bugfixes, review and apply numerous patches.</code></pre>



<br>

<p>Manuel Novoa III &lt;mjn3@codepoet.org&gt;</p>

<pre><code>    cat, head, mkfifo, mknod, rmdir, sleep, tee, tty, uniq, usleep, wc, yes,
    mesg, vconfig, make_directory, parse_mode, dirname, mode_string,
    get_last_path_component, simplify_path, and a number trivial libbb routines

    also bug fixes, partial rewrites, and size optimizations in
    ash, basename, cal, cmp, cp, df, du, echo, env, ln, logname, md5sum, mkdir,
    mv, realpath, rm, sort, tail, touch, uname, watch, arith, human_readable,
    interface, dutmp, ifconfig, route</code></pre>



<br>

<p>Vladimir Oleynik &lt;dzo@simtreas.ru&gt;</p>

<pre><code>    cmdedit; xargs(current), httpd(current);
    ports: ash, crond, fdisk, inetd, stty, traceroute, top;
    locale, various fixes
    and irreconcilable critic of everything not perfect.</code></pre>



<br>

<p>Bruce Perens &lt;bruce@pixar.com&gt;</p>

<pre><code>    Original author of BusyBox in 1995, 1996. Some of his code can
    still be found hiding here and there...</code></pre>



<br>

<p>Tim Riker &lt;Tim@Rikers.org&gt;</p>

<pre><code>    bug fixes, member of fan club</code></pre>



<br>

<p>Kent Robotti &lt;robotti@metconnect.com&gt;</p>

<pre><code>    reset, tons and tons of bug reports and patches.</code></pre>



<br>

<p>Chip Rosenthal &lt;chip@unicom.com&gt;, &lt;crosenth@covad.com&gt;</p>

<pre><code>    wget - Contributed by permission of Covad Communications</code></pre>



<br>

<p>Pavel Roskin &lt;proski@gnu.org&gt;</p>

<pre><code>    Lots of bugs fixes and patches.</code></pre>



<br>

<p>Gyepi Sam &lt;gyepi@praxis-sw.com&gt;</p>

<pre><code>    Remote logging feature for syslogd</code></pre>



<br>

<p>Linus Torvalds &lt;torvalds@transmeta.com&gt;</p>

<pre><code>    mkswap, fsck.minix, mkfs.minix</code></pre>



<br>

<p>Mark Whitley &lt;markw@codepoet.org&gt;</p>

<pre><code>    grep, sed, cut, xargs(previous),
    style-guide, new-applet-HOWTO, bug fixes, etc.</code></pre>



<br>

<p>Charles P. Wright &lt;cpwright@villagenet.com&gt;</p>

<pre><code>    gzip, mini-netcat(nc)</code></pre>



<br>

<p>Enrique Zanardi &lt;ezanardi@ull.es&gt;</p>

<pre><code>    tarcat (since removed), loadkmap, various fixes, Debian maintenance</code></pre>



<br>

<p>Tito Ragusa &lt;farmatito@tiscali.it&gt;</p>

<pre><code>    devfsd and size optimizations in strings, openvt and deallocvt.</code></pre>



<br>

<p>Paul Fox &lt;pgf@foxharp.boston.ma.us&gt;</p>

<pre><code>    vi editing mode for ash, various other patches/fixes</code></pre>



<br>

<p>Roberto A. Foglietta &lt;me@roberto.foglietta.name&gt;</p>

<pre><code>    port: dnsd</code></pre>



<br>

<p>Bernhard Reutner-Fischer &lt;rep.dot.nop@gmail.com&gt;</p>

<pre><code>    misc</code></pre>



<br>

<p>Mike Frysinger &lt;vapier@gentoo.org&gt;</p>

<pre><code>    initial e2fsprogs, printenv, setarch, sum, misc</code></pre>



<br>

<p>Jie Zhang &lt;jie.zhang@analog.com&gt;</p>

<pre><code>    fixed two bugs in msh and hush (exitcode of killed processes)</code></pre>

<h1 id="POD-ERRORS">POD ERRORS</h1>

<p>Hey! <b>The above document had some coding errors, which are explained below:</b></p>

<dl>

<dt id="Around-line-135">Around line 135:</dt>
<dd>

<p>Non-ASCII character seen before =encoding in &#39;&#x8BE6;&#x7EC6;&#39;. Assuming UTF-8</p>

</dd>
</dl>


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